Figure 1.

HMGB1 induces TGF-β dependent expression of galectin-9 in THP-1 human AML cells. THP1 cells were exposed for 24 h to 1 µg/ml HMGB1 followed by measurement of TGF-β secretion and Smad3 activating phosphorylation (A), galectin-9 protein expression and secretion (B), galectin-9 cell surface presence (C) and Tim-3 protein expression and release (D). Images are from one experiment representative of 4 giving similar results. Quantitative data are shown as mean values ± SEM from 4 independent experiments. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 vs control.