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The FGF 1, FGF 4, FGF 7, FGF 8, and FGF 9 subfamily genes encode secreted paracrine FGFs, which bind to and activate FGFRs with heparin/HS as a cofactor. The FGF 15/19 subfamily members encode endocrine FGFs, which combine and activate FGFRs with the Klotho family protein as a cofactor. The FGF 11 subfamily genes encode intracellular FGFs, which are non-signaling proteins serving as cofactors for voltage-gated sodium channels and other molecules.
