Table 1.

Delivery of Antibiotics with Silica-Based Nanosystems

Therapeutic Compound	Nanocarrier	Drug Location	Loading-retention Strategy	Release Mechanism	In vitro Evaluation (Bacteria)	In vitro Evaluation (Eukaryotic cells)	In vivo	Ref.
Antibiotic(s)
Vancomycin	MSNs	Surface	Covalent bonding	None	S. aureus E. coli	Raw 264.7 LO2	Mouse	29
Gentamicin Neomycin Kanamycin	MSNs	Surface	Covalent bonding	None	B. cereus S. aureus E. coli S. typhimurium	None	None	30
Barbituric acid-N-halamine	Silica NP	Surface	Coating with pMMA copolymer	Chlorine release	P. aeruginosa S. aureus	None	None	31
Tetramethylpiperidine- N-halamine	Silica NP	Surface	Coating with pMMA copolymer	Chlorine release	S. aureus E. coli	None	None	32
Tetracycline	Silica NP	Silica matrix	Loading on silica polymerization	Dissolution of SiO2 NPs	E. coli	HEK 293T	None	33
Vancomycin	H-MSNs vs RH-MSNs vs R-SiO2NPs	Internal void Surface/void Surface	Diffusion into silica/roughness	Morphology-dependent diffusion	E. coli	None	None	34
Chlorhexidine	Round vs rod MSNs	Mesopores	Direct loading	Diffusion	S. sobrinus S. mutans C. albicans	None	None	35
Ampicillin	SBA-15 SBA-15-NH2 MCM-41	Mesopores	Direct loading	Diffusion	None	None	None	36
Doxycycline	Several MCM-41 compositions	Mesopores	Direct loading	Diffusion	K. pneumoniae	None	None	37
Lomefloxacin	Metal-doped MCM-41	Mesopores	Direct loading	Diffusion	E. coli	None	None	38
Polymyxin B	MSNs: RAW, NH2 or COOH	Mesopores	Direct loading	Diffusion	E. coli A. baumannii P. aeruginosa	HepG2 HFF-1 HEK-293	None	39
Chlorhexidine	MONs	Mesopores	Direct loading	Redox-driven MON dissolution	E. coli S. aureus	HUVEC L929	None	40
Rifampicin	HMM MSNs	Mesopores	Direct loading	Diffusion	S. aureus	RAW264.7 Caco-2	None	41,42
Gentamicin Rifamycin	SiO2 NPs	Silica matrix	Loading on silica polymerization	Proteolysis of a collagen coating	P. aeruginosa S. aureus	L929	None	44
Gentamicin	MSNs	Mesopores	Embedment in dental cement	Diffusion	S. aureus	MC3T3	None	45
Chlorhexidine	MSNs	Mesopores	Embedment in dental cement	Diffusion	S. mutans	None	None	46
Gentamicin	MSNs	Mesopores	Embedment in dental cement	Diffusion	S. aureus	None	None	47
Vancomycin	MSNs	Mesopores	Embedment in collagen scaffold	Diffusion	S. aureus	Rat BMSCs	Rabbit	49
Gentamycin	Dendritic MSNs	Mesopores	Electrospinning on polycaprolactone fibers	Diffusion	E. coli	None	None	50
Chlorhexidine	Ca–Si mesoporous nanoparticles (MCSNs)	Mesopores	Direct loading	Diffusion	E. faecalis	MC3T3-E1	None	48
Ciprofloxacin	MSNs	Mesopores	Lipid layer	pH-driven coating detachment	S. typhimurium	RAW 264.7 HeLa	Mouse	52
Gentamicin	MSNs	Mesopores	Lipid layer	Bacteria-mediated coating degradation	S. aureus	RAW 264.7 MC3T3-E1	Mouse	53
Ampicillin	MSNs	Mesopores	Ca phosphate-folic acid coating	pH-driven coating dissolution	E. coli S. aureus	HEK-293	Mouse	54
Proteins
Lysozyme	MSNs	Surface	Electrostatic interaction	Not specified (pH driven detachment)	E. coli	HEK-293 LO2	Mice	55
	MSNs	Pores	Direct loading	Adsorption	E. coli	None	None	56
	HMSNs	Surface	Direct loading	Adsorption	E. coli	None	Mice	57
	HMSNs	Particle cavity	Direct loading	Cavity loading	E. coli	None	None	58
Concanavalin A	MSNs	Surface	Covalent bond	Grafting	E. coli	None	None	109
Bactofencin A	MSE vs MSN	Mesopores	Direct loading	Diffusion	S. aureus	HEK-293	None	59
Peptide
LL37	SiO2 NPs vs MSNs	None/LL37	Electrostatic interaction	Surface adsorption vs pore release	E. coli	Hemolysis	None	60
NZX	MSNs	NZX	Direct loading	Pore release	M. bovis	THP-1	Mice	61
Extract
Eucalyptus, orange and cinnamon essential oils	MSNs	Mesopores	None	Diffusion	S. aureus E. coli C. albicans	L929	None	62
Red propolis extract	MSNs	Mesopores	None	Diffusion	S. aureus	None	None	63
Tea tree oil	MSNs	Mesopores	Coating with PEI layer	pH-driven coating detachment	E. coli	None	None	64,65

Abbreviations: HMM, Hiroshima mesoporous material; HMSNs, hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles; MCM-41, Mobil composition of matter; MONs, mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles; MSNs, mesoporous silica nanoparticles; PEI, poly(ethyleneimine); PMMA, poly(methyl methacrylate); RH-MSNs, rough hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles; R-SiO₂NP, rough silica nanoparticles; SBA-15, Santa Barbara amorphous. Prokaryotic cell lines: A. baumannii, Acinetobacter baumannii; B. Cereus, Bacillus cereus; C. albicans, Candida albicans; E. coli, Escherichia coli; E. faecalis, Enterococcus faecalis; K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae; M. Bovis, Mycobacterium bovis; M. tuberculosis,Mycobacterium tuberculosis; P. aeruginosa,Pseudomonas aeruginosa; S. aureus, Staphylococcus aureus; S. mutans, Staphylococcus mutans; S. typhimurium, Salmonella typhimurium; S. sobrinus, Staphylococcus sobrinus. Eukaryotic cell lines: BMSC, bone mesenchymal stem cells; Caco-2, human colorectal adenocarcinoma; HEK-293, human embryonic kidney cells; HeLa, human cervix adenocarcinoma; HepG2, human hepatoma; HFF-1, human foreskin fibroblasts; L929, mouse fibroblasts; LO2, human hepatocytes; MC3T3-E1, mouse preosteoblasts; RAW 264.7, mouse macrophages; THP-1, human monocytes.