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. 2021 Jun 21;11:647854. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2021.647854

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Copyright © 2021 Qin, Wang, Fang, Zheng, Liu, Wu, Wang, Li, Hui, Ma, Tang and Pan

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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There are multiple mechanisms for the positive and negative effects of B cells produced by cytokines in the immune response. B cells increase NK cell activation and Treg differentiation by releasing IL-2 and TNF-α; releasing of IL-2 and IL-10 to enhance Treg differentiation; releasing of IL-10 and TGF-β CD4⁺ T cell apoptosis and inhibit DC maturation, and also secrete IFN-γ and TNF-α to induce DC maturation; release IL-10 to inhibit Th17, release IL-6 to enhance Th17 response (33).