TABLE 5.

Abnormal results of cardioreflex tests in different subgroups of COVID-19 patients with associated co-morbidities.

	N (%)
	CADG (n = 41)	p-value	CADG-DM (n = 7)	p-value	CADG-HTA (n = 18)	p-value	CADG-Syn (n = 16)	p-value
CART
Sympathetic function tests
Blood pressure response to standing (OH)	19 (46.30)	0.001	4 (57.10)	0.001	10 (52.90)	0.001	5 (31.20)	0.001
Hand grip test (HG)	39 (94.40)	0.001	7 (100.00)	0.001	18 (100.00)	0.001	15 (93.70)	0.001
Parasympathetic function tests
Heart rate response to Valsalva maneuver	12 (28.90)	0.001	3 (40.00)	0.001	5 (27.70)	0.001	6 (38.50)	0.001
Heart rate response to deep breathing	17 (41.70)	0.001	3 (40.00)	0.001	8 (46.70)	0.001	4 (25.00)	0.001
ANS impairment
Parasympathetic dysfunction	10 (24.00)	0.057	3 (40.00)	0.097	4 (22.20)	0.131	1 (6.20)	0.282
Combined dysfunction	30 (73.20)	0.001	7 (100.00)	0.001	15 (82.40)	0.001	10 (60.00)	0.001
Autonomic neuropathy	32 (78.00)	0.018	6 (83.30)	0.315	15 (82.40)	0.069	11 (66.70)	0.552

CART, cardioreflex test; CADG, COVID-19 group with associated diseases; CADG-DM, COVID-19 group with diabetes mellitus; CADG-HTA, COVID-19 group with hypertension; CADG-Syn, COVID-19 group with syncope.

Results are presented as counts (percent).

Bivariate analysis of severe and mild group with respect to controls is done by chi-squared test.