TABLE 7.
HRV and BPV in COVID-19 group with diabetes mellitus (CADG-DM).
| Parameter | CADG-DM (n = 7) | CG (n = 75) | Controls (n = 77) |
| Beat statistics | |||
| HR (bpm) | 92.90 ± 13.65* | 83.16 ± 16.30* | 72.304 ± 9.95 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 130.74 ± 21.72* | 113.67 ± 22.47 | 116.010 ± 13.28 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 74.68 ± 7.11 | 82.92 ± 81.95 | 77.171 ± 10.26 |
| HRV statistics | |||
| LFnu-RRI (%) | 55.92 ± 27.95 | 5.809 ± 21.4252 | 60.050 ± 15.88 |
| HFnu-RRI (%) | 44.07 ± 27.95 | 34.200 ± 21.42 | 39.675 ± 15.27 |
| VLF-RRI (msec2) | 101.14 ± 117.65 | 639.81 ± 3263.88 | 500.73 ± 842.21 |
| LF-RRI (msec2) | 230.71 ± 253.18*# | 449.95 ± 497.03* | 833.05 ± 964.79 |
| HF-RRI (msec2) | 389.57 ± 644.85 | 483.58 ± 1092.56 | 607.19 ± 836.32 |
| LF/HF-RRI | 4.41 ± 5.87 | 4.89 ± 6.74* | 2.85 ± 3.71 |
| Non-linear measurements | |||
| SD1 | 51.75 ± 44.30 | 39.80 ± 41.98 | 41.09 ± 25.76 |
| SD2 | 71.63 ± 39.62 | 84.58 ± 40.38 | 82.71 ± 34.93 |
| SD1/SD2 | 0.63 ± 0.27 | 0.43 ± 0.32 | 0.48 ± 0.21 |
| BPV (systolic) statistics | |||
| LFnu-sBP (%) | 38.50 ± 13.38 | 41.50 ± 16.77 | 45.38 ± 10.51 |
| HFnu-sBP (%) | 13.38 ± 9.56 | 16.37 ± 9.57 | 13.45 ± 8.48 |
| VLF-sBP | 3.61 ± 3.81 | 29.55 ± 107.44 | 4.87 ± 4.84 |
| LF-sBP | 3.56 ± 4.74 | 12.81 ± 25.93 | 6.72 ± 12.96 |
| HF-sBP | 1.68 ± 1.79 | 3.21 ± 4.60 | 1.79 ± 2.06 |
| LF/HF-sBP | 2.08 ± 0.93 | 3.37 ± 1.96 | 4.11 ± 3.07 |
| BPV (diastolic) statistics | |||
| LFnu-dBP (%) | 34.11 ± 15.72* | 44.13 ± 17.53 | 50.83 ± 13.13 |
| HFnu-dBP (%) | 17.40 ± 13.69 | 15.98 ± 9.49 | 11.947 ± 7.26 |
| VLF-dBP | 3.43 ± 4.46 | 12.30 ± 51.43 | 3.214 ± 3.01 |
| LF-dBP | 1.56 ± 2.08 | 4.73 ± 5.57 | 4.853 ± 7.07 |
| HF-dBP | 0.80 ± 1.23 | 1.47 ± 1.99 | 0.973 ± 1.39 |
| LF/HF-dBP | 3.08 ± 2.51* | 3.90 ± 2.81* | 6.21 ± 4.32 |
| BRS | |||
| Slope mean | 10.14 ± 10.71 | 13.83 ± 11.75 | 17.24 ± 9.86 |
| BEI | 35.85 ± 21.16* | 52.90 ± 23.70* | 119.57 ± 43.42 |
CADG-DM, COVID-19 group associated with diabetes mellitus; CG, COVID-19 group without comorbidities; BPV, blood pressure variability; LFnu-dBP, normalized low frequency component of BPV; HFnu-dBP, normalized high frequency component of BPV; VLF-dBP, very low frequency component of BPV; LF-dBP, low frequency component of BPV; LF/HF-dBP, low frequency/high freqeuency ratio of BPV; BRS, baroreceptor reflex sensitivity; BEI, baroreflex efficacy index.
Results are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD).
Statistical significance is assessed by Kruskal–Wallis non-parametric test followed by Dunn’s test with Bonferroni correction, ‘*’ denotes p < 0.05 with respect to the controls, ‘#’ with respect to CG.