Skip to main content
. 2021 Jun 21;15:640835. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.640835

TABLE 7.

HRV and BPV in COVID-19 group with diabetes mellitus (CADG-DM).

Parameter CADG-DM (n = 7) CG (n = 75) Controls (n = 77)
Beat statistics
HR (bpm) 92.90 ± 13.65* 83.16 ± 16.30* 72.304 ± 9.95
SBP (mmHg) 130.74 ± 21.72* 113.67 ± 22.47 116.010 ± 13.28
DBP (mmHg) 74.68 ± 7.11 82.92 ± 81.95 77.171 ± 10.26
HRV statistics
LFnu-RRI (%) 55.92 ± 27.95 5.809 ± 21.4252 60.050 ± 15.88
HFnu-RRI (%) 44.07 ± 27.95 34.200 ± 21.42 39.675 ± 15.27
VLF-RRI (msec2) 101.14 ± 117.65 639.81 ± 3263.88 500.73 ± 842.21
LF-RRI (msec2) 230.71 ± 253.18*# 449.95 ± 497.03* 833.05 ± 964.79
HF-RRI (msec2) 389.57 ± 644.85 483.58 ± 1092.56 607.19 ± 836.32
LF/HF-RRI 4.41 ± 5.87 4.89 ± 6.74* 2.85 ± 3.71
Non-linear measurements
SD1 51.75 ± 44.30 39.80 ± 41.98 41.09 ± 25.76
SD2 71.63 ± 39.62 84.58 ± 40.38 82.71 ± 34.93
SD1/SD2 0.63 ± 0.27 0.43 ± 0.32 0.48 ± 0.21
BPV (systolic) statistics
LFnu-sBP (%) 38.50 ± 13.38 41.50 ± 16.77 45.38 ± 10.51
HFnu-sBP (%) 13.38 ± 9.56 16.37 ± 9.57 13.45 ± 8.48
VLF-sBP 3.61 ± 3.81 29.55 ± 107.44 4.87 ± 4.84
LF-sBP 3.56 ± 4.74 12.81 ± 25.93 6.72 ± 12.96
HF-sBP 1.68 ± 1.79 3.21 ± 4.60 1.79 ± 2.06
LF/HF-sBP 2.08 ± 0.93 3.37 ± 1.96 4.11 ± 3.07
BPV (diastolic) statistics
LFnu-dBP (%) 34.11 ± 15.72* 44.13 ± 17.53 50.83 ± 13.13
HFnu-dBP (%) 17.40 ± 13.69 15.98 ± 9.49 11.947 ± 7.26
VLF-dBP 3.43 ± 4.46 12.30 ± 51.43 3.214 ± 3.01
LF-dBP 1.56 ± 2.08 4.73 ± 5.57 4.853 ± 7.07
HF-dBP 0.80 ± 1.23 1.47 ± 1.99 0.973 ± 1.39
LF/HF-dBP 3.08 ± 2.51* 3.90 ± 2.81* 6.21 ± 4.32
BRS
Slope mean 10.14 ± 10.71 13.83 ± 11.75 17.24 ± 9.86
BEI 35.85 ± 21.16* 52.90 ± 23.70* 119.57 ± 43.42

CADG-DM, COVID-19 group associated with diabetes mellitus; CG, COVID-19 group without comorbidities; BPV, blood pressure variability; LFnu-dBP, normalized low frequency component of BPV; HFnu-dBP, normalized high frequency component of BPV; VLF-dBP, very low frequency component of BPV; LF-dBP, low frequency component of BPV; LF/HF-dBP, low frequency/high freqeuency ratio of BPV; BRS, baroreceptor reflex sensitivity; BEI, baroreflex efficacy index.

Results are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD).

Statistical significance is assessed by Kruskal–Wallis non-parametric test followed by Dunn’s test with Bonferroni correction, ‘*’ denotes p < 0.05 with respect to the controls, ‘#’ with respect to CG.