Table 3.
Findings from Cohort Studies.
| Module: Exposure Outcome | Findings | Study |
|---|---|---|
| SES: socioeconomic changes | ||
| Dental caries, plaque, gingivitis, periodontitis | Low childhood socioeconomic circumstances have long-lasting negative influences on adult periodontitis and caries level | 10 |
| Periodontitis | Low-income trajectories from birth to age 30 y affect periodontitis level at 31 y | 3 |
| Unsound teeth | Poverty in the life course affects number of unsound teeth among adults | 3 |
| Early sugar consumption | Clear SES gradient and early sugar introduction | 2, 13 |
| Excess sugar intake (>5%) | SES gradients related to excess energy consumption >5% from sugar | 2 |
| Dental visiting: routine visits | ||
| DMFS, self-rated oral health | Long-term unfavorable pattern of dental visiting linked to poor adult oral health | 10 |
| Preschool children dental visit | Positive association between favorable maternal dental visits and routine visits in preschool children | 5 |
| General health: obesity | ||
| Dental caries | Central obesity associated with increase dental caries in adolescents | 8 |
| Periodontitis | Central and diet-induced obesity linked with periodontitis in adulthood | 3 |
| Traumatic dental injuries | Early-life overweight and obesity as risk factors for traumatic dental injuries in preschool children | 6 |
| General health: heart diseases | ||
| Periodontitis | Markers of cardiovascular diseases are not associated with periodontitis | 3, 10 |
| Nutritional and dietary: breastfeeding | ||
| Dental caries | Prolonged breastfeeding associated with early childhood caries | 5, 6, 7, 9 |
| Breastfeeding between 6 and 11 mo is linked to lower dmfs | 11 | |
| Malocclusion | Exclusive breastfeeding drops the risk for malocclusion in deciduous teeth | 4, 9 |
| Sugar intake | Breastfeeding between 6 and 11 mo reduces energy intake due to sugar | 2 |
| Nutritional and dietary: infant feeding | ||
| Dental caries | Infant feeding recommendations do not reduce early childhood caries | 6, 12 |
| Dietary advice at home reduced caries experience in infants | 1, 7 | |
| Nutritional and dietary: sugar consumption | ||
| Dental caries | Regular intake of assorted sugar sources increases caries experience | 4, 6, 7, 14 |
| Intergenerational: maternal dental characteristics | ||
| Dental caries | Caregiving behaviors mediate the association between maternal dental anxiety and unfavorable care patterns on the increase in child’s dmfs | 5 |
| Quality of life–OHRQoL | Maternal oral conditions predict child’s dental caries and OHRQoL in adulthood | 10 |
OHRQoL, oral health–related quality of life; SES, socioeconomic status.
Queensland Birth Cohort Childhood Caries Study.
SMILE: Study of Mothers’ and Infants’ Life Events Affecting Oral Health.
1982 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study.
1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study.
2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study.
2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study.
Porto Alegre Early Life Nutrition and Health Study.
Sao Leopoldo Ten Steps Healthy Feeding and Nutrition Study.
Hong Kong Children of 1997.
Jena Birth Cohort Study.
The Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study.
The Prospective Cohort Study of Thai Children–Khon Kaen Site.
The Oral Health Cohort Study is a subsample of the Ugandan cohort of the PROMISE-EBF study.
Caries Risk Study–US.
IFS: The Iowa Fluoride Study.