TABLE 1.

Reported risk factors for developing NSAID-induced upper GI toxicity.

Patient characteristic	Description	References
Patient factors
Advanced age	>60 years	Fries. (1996), Hernández-Díaz and Rodríguez, (2000), Chi et al. (2018)
	>70 years	Sostres et al. (2013), Russell. (2001)
Comorbidity/multimorbidity	Renal failure (receiving haemodialysis)	Jankovic et al. (2009)
	Helicobacter pylori infection	Leontiadis et al. (2007), Sostres et al. (2010)
	Diabetes mellitus	Weil and et al. (2000), Kim (2015)
	Cardiovascular disease	Chi et al. (2018)
Clinical history	Previous upper GI clinical event	Silverstein et al. (1995), Laine (2001), Laine (2006), Van Hecken et al. (2000), Sostres et al. (2013), Chi et al. (2018)
Drug factors
Increased NSAID exposure	High dose/prolonged exposure NSAID therapy	Silverstein et al. (1995), Bombardier et al. (2000), Laporte et al. (2004)
		Garcia Rodriguez and Hernández-Díaz, (2001), Bhala et al. (2013), Lanas et al. (2015)
Polypharmacy	Polypharmacy	Davies and Wallace, (1996)
Concomitant drug use	Aspirin	Sorensen et al. (2000), Silverstein et al. (2000), Garcia Rodriguez and Hernández-Díaz, (2001), Åhsberg et al. (2010), Lazzaroni and Bianchi Porro, (2001)
	Non-aspirin antiplatelets	Sostres et al. (2013)
	Anticoagulants	Johnsen et al. (2001), Lanas et al. (2007), Olsen et al. (2020)
	Oral corticosteroids	Garcia Rodriguez and Hernández-Díaz, (2001), Laine et al. (2002), Masclee et al. (2013)
	Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors	de Abajo et al. (1999), de Jong et al. (2003), Helin-Salmivaara et al. (2007), Anglin et al. (2014)

Abbreviations: GI, gastrointestinal; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.