Table 1.
Baseline and cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) characteristics of patients with and without inducible ischemia on vasodilator stress CMR (N = 1402)
| All patients (N = 1402) | No inducible ischemia (N = 988) | Inducible ischemia (N = 414) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 69.5 ± 11.0 | 68.5 ± 10.7 | 72.0 ± 11.3 | < 0.001 |
| Males, n (%) | 935 (66.7) | 641 (64.9) | 294 (71.0) | 0.031 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 28.6 ± 6.3 | 28.8 ± 6.5 | 28.4 ± 5.8 | 0.288 |
| Body surface index, m2 | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 0.056 |
| Coronary risk factors, n (%) | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 459 (32.7) | 297 (30.1) | 162 (39.1) | 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 807 (57.6) | 542 (54.9) | 265 (64.0) | 0.002 |
| Obesitya | 431 (30.7) | 313 (31.7) | 118 (28.5) | 0.266 |
| Dyslipidemia | 819 (58.4) | 554 (56.1) | 265 (64.0) | 0.007 |
| Smoking | 336 (24.0) | 248 (25.1) | 88 (21.3) | 0.142 |
| Family history of CAD | 391 (27.9) | 268 (27.1) | 123 (29.7) | 0.358 |
| Medical history of CVD, n (%) | ||||
| Known CAD | 727 (51.9) | 516 (52.2) | 211 (51.0) | 0.71 |
| History of PCI | 442 (31.5) | 336 (34.0) | 106 (25.6) | 0.002 |
| History of CABG | 445 (31.7) | 277 (28.0) | 168 (40.6) | < 0.001 |
| Known MI | 340 (24.3) | 246 (24.9) | 94 (22.7) | 0.42 |
| Peripheral atheroma | 158 (11.3) | 72 (7.3) | 86 (20.8) | < 0.001 |
| Ischemic stroke | 54 (3.9) | 39 (3.9) | 15 (3.6) | 0.892 |
| Pacemaker | 7 (0.5) | 4 (0.4) | 3 (0.7) | 0.428 |
| Renal failureb | 20 (1.4) | 14 (1.4) | 6 (1.4) | 1.000 |
| History of hospitalization for HF | 52 (3.7) | 42 (4.3) | 10 (2.4) | 0.133 |
| Symptoms, n (%) | ||||
| Symptomatic angina | 706 (50.4) | 415 (42.0) | 291 (70.3) | < 0.001 |
| Dyspnea | 211 (15.0) | 158 (16.0) | 53 (12.8) | 0.149 |
| High cardiovascular riskc | 808 (57.6) | 519 (52.5) | 289 (69.8) | < 0.001 |
| Ten-year risk for fatal CADd, % | 2.5 (1.2–5.9) | 2.1 (0.8–5.3) | 3.3 (1.5–6.4) | < 0.001 |
| Indications to stress CMR, n (%) | ||||
| Inconclusive stress echocardiography | 702 (50.1) | 500 (50.6) | 202 (48.8) | 0.165 |
| Inconclusive SPECT | 612 (43.7) | 438 (44.3) | 174 (42.0) | 0.159 |
| Inconclusive exercise ECG testing | 88 (6.3) | 66 (6.7) | 22 (5.3) | 0.512 |
| Cardiac rhythm, n (%) | ||||
| Sinus rhythm | 1155 (82.4) | 821 (83.1) | 334 (80.7) | 0.177 |
| Atrial fibrillation/supraventricular arrhythmias | 247 (17.6) | 217 (22.0) | 30 (7.2) | < 0.001 |
| LV ejection fraction, % | 50.4 ± 12.1 | 50.1 ± 11.9 | 51.2 ± 12.5 | 0.007 |
| LV end-diastolic volume index, ml/m2 | 93.3 ± 31.2 | 94.8 ± 31.6 | 89.6 ± 30.1 | 0.004 |
| LV end-systolic volume index, ml/m2 | 51.2 ± 26.1 | 52.5 ± 26.1 | 48.1 ± 26.0 | 0.004 |
| LV mass, g/m2 | 73.9 ± 9.8 | 72.2 ± 9.8 | 78.7 ± 9.7 | < 0.001 |
| RV ejection fraction, % | 63.6 ± 10.5 | 63.6 ± 10.5 | 63.5 ± 10.6 | 0.771 |
| Presence of LGE, n (%) | 556 (39.7) | 422 (42.7) | 134 (32.4) | < 0.001 |
| Presence of viability if LGE, n (%)e | 178 (12.7) | 117 (11.8) | 61 (14.7) | 0.163 |
| Number of LGE segments if LGE | 0.9 ± 1.3 | 1.0 ± 1.3 | 0.8 ± 1.4 | 0.09 |
| Number of ischemic segments | 0.7 ± 1.2 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 2.3 ± 1.2 | < 0.001 |
| RPP at baseline, mmHg/beats/min | 9.1 (7.5–10.1) | 9.1 (7.5–10.1) | 9.2 (7.6–10.4) | 0.533 |
| RPP at stress, mmHg/beats/min | 10.8 (10.4–12.7) | 10.8 (10.4–12.7) | 11.4 (9.9–14.5) | 0.175 |
| CMR-related coronary revascularizationb, n (%) | 323 (23.0) | 0 (0) | 323 (78.0) | < 0.001 |
| By PCI | 317 (22.6) | 0 (0) | 317 (76.6) | < 0.001 |
| By CABG | 6 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 6 (1.4) | 0.004 |
Bold empasis means that the P value has reached statistical significance, with 2-tailed P value < 0.05
Values are n (%), mean ± SD, or median (interquartile range)
BMI body mass index, CABG coronary artery bypass graft, CAD coronary artery disease, CMR cardiovascular magnetic resonance, CVD cardiovascular disease, ECG electrocardiogram, HF heart failure, LGE late gadolinium enhancement, LV left ventricle, MI myocardial infarction, PCI percutaneous coronary intervention, RPP rate-pressure product (pressure mmHg × Heart rate bpm)/1000, SD standard deviation
aDefined by BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2
bDefined by glomerular filtration rate < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2
cDefined by Framingham Risk Score > 20% of risk of CAD at 10 years
dBased on a modified SCORE project (https://www.escardio.org/Education/Practice-Tools/CVD-prevention-toolbox/SCORE-Risk-Charts) that did not take into account the total cholesterol level [22, 23]
eDefined by the presence of LGE with < 50% transmurality