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. 2021 Jul 5;40:222. doi: 10.1186/s13046-021-02024-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Expression of tRFs and tiRNAs in human PTC tissues. A Heatmap of tiRNAs and tRFs sequence in three pairs of tumors (T) and adjacent tissues (AT) of PTC. B 594 tRNA fragments were detected only in tumor samples (Blue region), 136 tRNA fragments only in adjacent tissues (Yellow region), and 933 tRNA fragments in both tissues (Green region). C 5′-tiRNA (tiRNA-5, orange part) and 5′-tRF (tRF-5, yellow part) account for the most two kinds of tRNA fragments. D Downregulated tRNA fragments (Green dots) and upregulated tRNA fragments (Red dots) in T compared to AT in volcano plot. Red dots means fold change > 2, Green dots means fold change < − 2. E Red arrows point out 5′-tiRNA-Gly-GCC (tiRNA-Gly). Upregulated and down regulated tiRNAs and tRFs in three pairs of T and AT tissue samples are displayed in circos plot. F Expression of selected 5 upregulated tRNA fragments was examined in 91 pairs of human PTC tissues by qRT-PCR. G tiRNA-Gly expression is higher in tumor tissues than in adjacent tissue in 91 pairs of human PTC by qRT-PCR. ***p < 0.001. H tiRNA-Gly is upregulated in tumor (T1–5) than adjacent tissues (AT1–5) by Northern blot (lower bands). Upper bands are 5S rRNA in denaturing gel. Middle bands are total tRNA-Gly