Table 1.
Sample characteristics, and prevalence and factors associated with covert contraceptive use in Kenya (N = 3892)
| Characteristics | Sample | Prevalence of covert contraceptive use | Bivariate logistic regression analysis | Multivariable logistic regression analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n | % [95% CI] | COR [95% CI] | p-value | AOR [95% CI] | p-value | |
| County | |||||||
| Nairobi | 394 (10.1) | 36 | 9.9 [7.5–14.1] | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | ||
| Bungoma | 452 (11.6) | 56 | 12.8 [9.0–17.9] | 1.27 [0.75–2.17] | 0.376 | 0.44 [0.21–0.93] | 0.031 |
| Kericho | 406 (10.4) | 76 | 16.7 [9.6–27.7] | 1.75 [0.84–3.64] | 0.135 | 0.68 [0.27–1.70] | 0.404 |
| Kiambu | 313 (8.0) | 29 | 9.5 [5.6–15.4] | 0.90 [0.46–1.74] | 0.749 | 0.96 [0.47–1.94] | 0.900 |
| Kilifi | 268 (6.9) | 27 | 10.1 [6.3–15.8] | 0.97 [0.52–1.82] | 0.931 | 0.31 [0.13–0.69] | 0.005 |
| Kitui | 441 (11.3) | 48 | 11.2 [71–18.4] | 1.14 [0.59–2.17] | 0.698 | 0.41 [0.20–0.90] | 0.025 |
| Nandi | 386 (9.9) | 28 | 7.2 [4.3–11.1] | 0.65 [0.35–1.21] | 0.177 | 0.23 [0.10–0.53] | 0.001 |
| Nyamira | 410 (10.5) | 44 | 9.2 [6.9–15.0] | 0.99 [0.57–1.74] | 0.979 | 0.37 [0.17–0.81] | 0.013 |
| Siaya | 288 (7.4) | 62 | 22.9 [16.7–28.1] | 2.43 [1.49–3.95] | < 0.001 | 0.72 [0.36–1.46] | 0.363 |
| Kakamega | 415 (10.7) | 45 | 13.1 [7.8–19.6] | 1.25 [0.66–2.36] | 0.496 | 0.42 [0.20–0.88] | 0.021 |
| West Pokot | 119 (3.1) | 14 | 9.7 [4.2–18.6] | 0.87 [0.35–2.12] | 0.752 | 0.30 [0.11–0.84] | 0.022 |
| Residence | |||||||
| Urban | 1348 (34.6) | 110 | 8.5 [6.7–10.8] | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | ||
| Rural | 2544 (65.4) | 355 | 13.7 [11.4–16.3] | 1.70 [1.22–2.36] | 0.002 | 1.60 [0.99–2.58] | 0.055 |
| Age, years | |||||||
| 15–19 | 60 (1.5) | 4 | 10.4 [3.0–30.2] | 0.79 [0.22–2.91] | 0.691 | 0.46 [0.10–2.18] | 0.329 |
| 20–34 | 2446 (62.9) | 282 | 11.9 [9.9–14.1] | 0.92 [0.73–1.16] | 0.528 | 0.92 [0.66–1.30] | 0.647 |
| 35–49 | 1386 (35.6) | 179 | 12.8 [10.7–15.2] | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | ||
| Education | |||||||
| No formal | 90 (2.3) | 20 | 22.8 [14.9–33.3] | 5.46 [2.67–11.2] | < 0.001 | 3.79 [1.73–8.31] | 0.001 |
| Primary | 1997 (51.3) | 302 | 15.0 [12.3–18.3] | 3.28 [1.97–5.46] | < 0.001 | 1.86 [1.06–3.29] | 0.032 |
| Secondary | 1234 (31.7) | 116 | 9.8 [7.8–12.2] | 2.01 [1.31–3.09] | 0.002 | 1.50 [0.93–2.40] | 0.093 |
| Tertiary | 571 (14.7) | 27 | 5.1 [3.4–7.7] | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | ||
| Wealth index | |||||||
| Poorest | 813 (20.9) | 105 | 18.1 [14.5–22.2] | 3.18 [2.16–4.68] | < 0.001 | 2.67 [1.61–4.45] | < 0.001 |
| Poorer | 809 (20.8) | 119 | 13.3 [10.7–16.4] | 2.21 [1.47–3.34] | < 0.001 | 1.79 [1.05–3.04] | 0.032 |
| Middle | 820 (21.1) | 120 | 15.1 [11.7–19.3] | 2.57 [1.71–3.86] | < 0.001 | 2.40 [1.52–3.78] | < 0.001 |
| Richer | 869 (22.3) | 72 | 8.5 [6.5–11.2] | 1.35 [0.89–2.05] | 0.162 | 1.19 [0.75–1.89] | 0.453 |
| Richest | 579 (14.9) | 48 | 6.5 [4.7–8.8] | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | ||
| Parity | |||||||
| 0–1 | 640 (17.6) | 79 | 13.1 [10.3–16.4] | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | ||
| 2–3 | 1798 (46.2) | 162 | 9.0 [7.1–11.3] | 0.66 [0.47–0.91] | 0.013 | 0.49 [0.33–0.72] | < 0.001 |
| 4+ | 1409 (36.2) | 224 | 15.6 [13.0–18.6] | 1.23 [0.91–1.65] | 0.167 | 0.62 [0.40–0.96] | 0.033 |
| Desire for more children | |||||||
| No | 1815 (50.0) | 240 | 13.3 [11.0–16.1] | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | ||
| Yes | 1755 (48.3) | 189 | 11.2 [9.2–13.6] | 0.82 [0.64–1.05] | 0.112 | 0.88 [0.63–1.22] | 0.434 |
| Infertile | 62 (1.7) | 8 | 11.3 [5.9–20.7] | 0.83 [0.39–1.78] | 0.632 | 0.71 [0.31–1.63] | 0.420 |
| Age at sexual debut (mean, SD) | 17.3 (3.0) | 16.6 (2.9) | 0.90 [0.86–0.95] | < 0.001 | 0.94 [0.89–0.99] | 0.029 | |
COR Crude odds ratio, AOR Adjusted odds ratio, SD Standard deviation, Ref Reference category: Bold: Significant at p = 0.05