FIGURE 2.

Currently available methods of brain organoid vascularization. Four methods have been used for vascularization of organoids. (A) Brain organoids cocultured with endothelial cells dispersed in the extracellular matrix, such as Matrigel or scaffolds. (B) Neural cell spheroids cocultured with endothelial cell spheroids generate brain organoids with vascular systems. (C) Induction of hETV2 expression or treatment of brain organoids with VEGF in the culture process also produced vascular systems in brain organoids. (D) Brain organoids were transplanted into hosts, such as mice, and the grafts were vascularized by the migration of host endothelial cells. iPSCs, induced pluripotent stem cells; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; hETV2, human ETS variant 2.