Between-person model results indicate cross-sectional associations among coping self-efficacy (CSE), perceived stress (PS), and sleep quality (SQ) and show significant influences of some covariates on individuals’ mean levels. Arrows reflect direction, and line widths reflect magnitude of effects, with red signifying negative associations and green signifying positive associations. Lines without arrow heads show non-directional effects.
Purple circles with “μ” indicate mean levels of variables.
Asterisks indicate significance, meaning that the Bayesian 95% credible interval for the estimate does not include 0. Only significant associations are shown.