Figure 5.

Effects of adenosine-5′-N-ethyluronamide (NECA), insulin on PDK4, HKII, and PFK messenger RNA (mRNA) gene expression in rat L6 skeletal muscle myotubes using charcoal serum (70-90% confluent) starved for 7 days and then stimulated for 1 hour with NECA and then for 10 minutes with insulin (100 nM). IL-6 mRNA levels were measured relative to TATA-BOX using qRT-PCR; stimulation was performed with vehicle (0.1% dimethyl sulphoxide), NECA (10 μM), and insulin (100 nM); data are represented as the means ± SEM of at least three independent experimental groups. ∗ denotes p < 0.05, ∗∗ denotes p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗ denotes p < 0.001. Data are analysed using a one-way ANOVA test followed by a Tukey test.