Table 1.
Dietary antioxidants show the expression of p53 in experimental models.
| Antioxidants | Experimental model | Mechanism | Expression of p53 | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (i) Cancer cells | ||||
| Vitamin C | T-lymphocyte cell lines (HuT-102, C91-PL, CEM, and Jurkat) | p53 ↑, p21 ↑, Bax ↑, Bcl-2 ↓ | Protein | [153] |
| Human lung carcinoma cell lines (H460 and A549) | p53 ↑, caspase-3 ↑, caspase-7 ↑ | Protein, mRNA | [99] | |
| Vitamin B6 | HT29, Caco2, LoVo, HEK293T, and HepG2 cell lines and ICR mice | p53 ↑, p21 ↑ | Protein, mRNA | [154] |
| Vitamin D | Mice (1α(OH)ase−/−) | p53 ↑, p21 ↓, p16 ↑ | Protein, mRNA | [155] |
| Folic acid | Human | p53 ↑, Bcl-2 ↓ | Protein | [156] |
| N-Acetylcysteine | Non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cell line | p53 ↑, p65 ↓ | Protein, mRNA | [157] |
| Vitamin E | Human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) | p53 ↓ | Protein, mRNA | [158] |
| β-Carotene | RAT-1 murine fibroblast cell line | p53 ↑, p21 ↑, Bax ↑, Bcl-2 ↓ | Protein | [160] |
| Quercetin | Human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa) | p53 ↑, caspase-3 ↑, caspase-9 ↑, Bax ↑, Bcl-2 ↓ | Protein, mRNA | [164] |
| Apigenin | Human colon cancer cell lines (HCT116 and HT29) | p53 ↑, p21 ↑, NAG-1 ↑ | Protein, mRNA | [165] |
| Acacetin | Human liver cancer cell line (HepG2) | p53 ↑, Bax ↑ | Protein, mRNA | [167] |
| Fisetin | Human colon cancer cell line (HCT116) | p53 ↑, caspase-3 ↑ | Protein, mRNA | [168] |
| Luteolin | Human lung cancer cell lines (A549 and H460) | p53 ↑, p21 ↑, MDM4 ↓ | Protein, mRNA | [170] |
| Theaflavin | Human prostate cancer cell line (LNCaP) | p53 ↑, Bcl-2 ↓, Bax ↑ | Protein | [171] |
| Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) | Human prostate cancer cell line (LNCaP) | p53 ↑, p21 ↑, Bcl-2 ↓, Bax ↑, caspase-3 ↑, caspase-8 ↑, caspase-9 ↑ | Protein | [93] |
| Caffeic acid | Human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa) | p53 ↑, Bcl-2 ↓ | Protein | [174] |
| Caffeic acid phenethyl ester | C6 glioma cell line | p53 ↑, Bcl-2 ↓, Bax ↓ | Protein | [175] |
| Ellagic acid | Human cervical cancer cell line (CaSki) | p53 ↑, p21 ↑, GAPDH ↑ | Protein, mRNA | [176] |
| Curcumin | Human cervical cancer cell lines (HeLa, SiHa, and CaSki) | p53 ↑ | Protein | [177] |
| Multiple myeloma cell line (U266B1) | p53 ↑, p21 ↑ | Protein | [178] | |
| Resveratrol | Human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) | p53 ↑, p21 ↑, p16 ↑ | Protein | [180] |
| Human colon cancer cell lines (HCT116, CO-115, and SW48) | p53 ↑, PARP ↓, caspase-3 ↓ | Protein | [181] | |
| Red wine | Human lung cancer cell line (A549) | p53 ↑, p53 (Ser15) ↑ | Protein | [182] |
| Caffeine | Human T-lymphocyte leukemia MOLT-4 cell line | p53 ↑, p21 ↑, Mcl-1 ↓ | Protein | [183] |
| Harmine | Human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) | p53 ↑ | mRNA | [185] |
| Colchicine | Human cervical cancer cell lines (CaSki and HeLa) | p53 ↑, Bcl-2 ↓, Bax ↑ | Protein, mRNA | [186] |
| (ii) Normal cells | ||||
| α-Tocopherol, ascorbic acid, & β-carotene | Rat | p53 ↓, MDM2 ↓ | Protein | [159] |
| Kaempferol | Human umbilical vein endothelial cell line (HUVEC) | p53 ↑, ATM ↑, Fas ↑, DR5 ↑, caspase-3 ↑, caspase-8 ↑, caspase-9 ↑ | Protein | [166] |
| Fisetin | Wistar rat | p53 ↓, p21 ↓, Bax ↓, Bcl-2 ↑ | Protein | [169] |
| Apple flavonoids | Normal human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B) | p53 ↓, Chk1 ↓, ATR ↓ | Protein | [172] |
| Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) | Kunming mice (KM) | p53 ↓, Bax ↓, caspase-3 ↓, caspase-9 ↓, Bcl-2 ↑ | Protein | [173] |
| Curcumin | Wistar rat | p53 ↓, p21 ↓ | Protein | [179] |
| Caffeine | Normal human fibroblast cell line (NHF1) | p53 ↓, p21 ↓ | Protein | [184] |