Table 3.

Pharmacotherapies against CIRI targeting ferroptosis and necroptosis. BBCAO/R: bilateral common carotid artery occlusion and reperfusion.

Pharmacotherapy	Subject	Effect	References
Ferroptosis
Metformin	BBCAO/R rats	Reduces GPX, SOD, MDA, and catalase levels	[191]
Galangin	MCAO/R gerbils	Increases the expression of SLC7A11 and GPX4; hippocampal neuron protection	[192]
Xinshao formula	MCAO/R rats	Increases the activity of SOD and GPX4; decreases the activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase and the content of NO, ROS, and MDA	[196]
Carthamin yellow	MCAO/R rats	Decreases Fe (II) and ROS accumulation and MDA lever; increases GSH and GPX4 lever	[110]
Edaravone	MCAO/R rats	Reduces ROS generation, cerebral infarct size, and neurological defects	[198]
Necroptosis
Cyclosporine-A	BBCAO/R rats	Inhibits MPTP opening; reduces RIP1 and RIP3 levels	[199]
Nec-1	MCAO/R rats	Suppresses RIP1-RIP3 interaction and RIP3 activation; decreases the dead rate of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region	[200]
β-Caryophyllene	OGD/R neuron cell; MCAO/R mice	Decreases TNF-α, IL-1β, and toll-like receptor 4 levels; decreases RIP1 and RIP3 expression and MLKL phosphorylation	[202]
Emricasan+ponatinib	MCAO/R rats	Decreases RIP1, RIP3, and MLKL expression; reduces the activity of caspase-8	[203]