Fig. 4.

Effects of Euglena gracilis extract on cytokine production and release from LPS-stimulated cortical microglia. Microglia were cultured for 24 h in 10% serum-containing medium, which was replaced with serum-free medium before pre-treatment with EAE for 1 h followed by stimulation with 100 ng/mL LPS. Supernatants were collected and analyzed for a IL-1β and b TNF-α release. Data are means ± SD (n = 4 in triplicate). c IL-1β, d TNF-α, and e Gas6 mRNA levels were quantified by real-time PCR. Data presented as means ± SD (n = 3 in triplicate). *p < 0.05 and ***p < 0.001 compared to control cells or LPS stimulation (dark gray bars), ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test