Table 2.

Main cancer-related substrates of WWP1.

Substrate	Modulation	Roles	Reference
KLF2	Binding KLF2 and inhibiting its transactivation	Not discussed	[51]
KLF5	Degradation in a ubiquitin-independent way	Not discussed	[52, 53]
Smad2	Degradation	Inhibition of TGF-β signaling	[49, 50]
Smad4	Degradation	Attenuated TGF-β signaling
CK2β	Ubiquitination and degradation	Inhibition of TGF-β-induced EMT	[59]
CXCR4	Limitation of degradation	Enhancement of cell migration and bone metastasis in breast cancer	[48]
LATS1	Ubiquitination and degradation	Promoted proliferation of breast cancer cells	[56]
TβRI	Polyubiquitination and degradation	Inhibited TGF-β cytostatic signaling, and exhibited carcinogenic properties	[54]
TAP63	Ubiquitination and degradation	Restrained apoptosis and sensitivity to doxorubicin and cisplatin in colon cancer cells	[45]
DeltaNP63	Ubiquitination and degradation	Increased doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells	[45]
ErbB4	Ubiquitination and degradation	Tumor inhibition in breast cancer	[55]
p27	Ubiquitination and degradation	Promoted leukemic cell growth	[46]
RNF11	Ubiquitination, not degradation	Enhanced proliferation and survival of cancer cells	[64]
Ezrin	Ubiquitination, not degradation	Increased Met level and further promoted proliferation of cancer cells	[15]
PTEN	Polyubiquitination	Promotion of cancer development	[19]
EGFR	Ubiquitination and stabilization	Enhanced NSCLC stemness and inhibited its chemosensitivity	[67]