Fig. 7.
Sumoylation of P reduced viral replication and slackened viral growth cycle. A As described in (2C), wild type HPIV3 was replaced with rHPIV3- PK492R/K532R, and the other steps are the same. B, C A549 cells were infected with HPIV3-WT and rHPIV3- PK492R/K532R viruses at an MOI of 0.01. At 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 hpi, the supernatants were harvested for the plaque assay to determine virus growth curves, and the cells were harvested and lysed to analyze viral HN level via western blotting. HN protein were detected with anti-HN monoclonal antibodies and GAPDH were detected with anti-GAPDH antibodies to show loading controls. Standard errors were calculated from three independent experiments.***P < 0.001; ns, non-statistically significant.