Table 3.
The anthropometric, body composition and laboratory characteristics of the patient by fat to fat-free mass ratio (adjusted age, sex and BMI).
| Parameters | Group 1 n = 24, 26.7% | Group 2 n = 34, 37.8% | Group 3 n = 32, 35.6% | P¶ |
| Gender∗ | <.001 | |||
| Female | 11 (15.7) | 30 (42.9) | 29 (41.4) | |
| Male | 13 (65.0) | 4 (20.0) | 3 (15.0) | |
| Age (year)† | 54.62 ± 8.74 | 54.29 ± 9.41 | 55.46 ± 7.47 | .852 |
| BMI (kg/m2)† | 27.37 ± 3.50 | 32.66 ± 3.78|| | 39.22 ± 4.39§,|| | <.001 |
| WC (cm)† | 107.93 ± 9.04 | 116.32 ± 12.9|| | 125.37 ± 8.79§,|| | <.001 |
| HC (cm)† | 110.3 ± 9.19 | 120.05 ± 11.92|| | 129.25 ± 9.35§,|| | <.001 |
| WHR (cm)† | 0.97 ± 0.09 | 0.96 ± 0.07 | 0.97 ± 0.08 | .889 |
| CC (cm)† | 37.79 ± 4.17 | 40.32 ± 3.84 | 46.21 ± 5.17§,|| | <.001 |
| MAC (cm)† | 33.00 ± 4.12 | 34.97 ± 2.79 | 39.46 ± 4.28§,|| | <.001 |
| FM (kg)† | 20.41 ± 4.41 | 32.51 ± 6.32|| | 48.74 ± 7.99§,|| | <.001 |
| FM (%)† | 27.45 ± 4.84 | 39.85 ± 4.45|| | 48.59 ± 3.88§,|| | <.001 |
| FFM (kg)† | 53.84 ± 9.30 | 48.88 ± 6.84 | 51.35 ± 7.22 | .058 |
| FFM (%)† | 72.55 ± 4.82 | 60.15 ± 4.44|| | 51.40 ± 3.87§,|| | <.001 |
| FM/FFM† | 0.38 ± 0.09 | 0.67 ± 0.11|| | 0.95 ± 0.14§,|| | <.001 |
| ASM (kg)† | 30.48 ± 5.25 | 27.66 ± 3.87|| | 26.98 ± 2.66|| | .004 |
| ASM (%)† | 41.06 ± 2.72 | 34.04 ± 2.51|| | 29.09 ± 2.19§,|| | <.001 |
| SMI (kg/m2)† | 11.22 ± 1.46 | 11.08 ± 1.04 | 10.43 ± 1.65 | .074 |
| FMI (kg/m2)† | 7.58 ± 1.85 | 13.14 ± 2.75|| | 19.15 ± 3.29§,|| | <.001 |
| FFMI (kg/m2)† | 19.82 ± 2.59 | 19.58 ± 1.83 | 18.13 ± 2.88|| | .019 |
| GS (s)† | 6.20 ± 1.55 | 6.41 ± 1.65 | 7.58 ± 1.66§,|| | .003 |
| HGS (kg)† | 29.18 ± 10.86 | 22.50 ± 6.36|| | 20.87 ± 5.76|| | <.001 |
| Myostatin† | 40.05 ± 15.91 | 47.55 ± 7.23 | 48.66 ± 12.68|| | .022 |
| Irisin† | 17.54 ± 9.35 | 14.15 ± 8.13|| | 7.66 ± 5.27§,|| | <.001 |
| FPG (mg/dl)† | 167.12 ± 61.70 | 169.20 ± 57.59 | 169.84 ± 61.28 | .985 |
| A1c (%)† | 7.45 ± 1.06 | 8.17 ± 1.76 | 9.00 ± 2.28|| | .009 |
| Total-C (mg/dl)† | 157.9 ± 35.17 | 177.20 ± 40.65 | 187.18 ± 44.49|| | .032 |
| LDL-C (mg/dl)† | 108.83 ± 43.53 | 113.91 ± 35.05 | 124.71 ± 38.34 | .285 |
| HDL-C (mg/dl)† | 47.32 ± 2.11 | 47.00 ± 2.25 | 42.86 ± 4.25 | .494 |
| TG (mg/dl)‡ | 154.54 ± 15.92 | 162.94 ± 13.69 | 185.00 ± 18.33 | .403 |
| ALT (U/L)† | 21.66 ± 8.78 | 23.08 ± 12.83 | 25.96 ± 15.42 | .442 |
| Cr (mg/dl)‡ | 0.72 ± 0.15 | 0.71 ± 0.16 | 0.73 ± 0.22 | .931 |
| eGFR (ml/min)‡ | 100.83 ± 10.87 | 94.73 ± 17.37 | 92.33 ± 16.70 | .130 |
| Spot urine protein/Cr(g/g)‡ | 57.65 ± 9.92 | 74.72 ± 37.43 | 181.50 ± 14.45 | .075 |
Group 1, control group, Group 2, increase in FM are small relative to those in FFM; Group 3, sarcopenic obese.
Continuous variables were expressed as the mean ± SD; categorical variables were expressed as a number (percentage).
Chi-square χ2 test.
One-Way ANOVA test.
Kruskal–Wallis H test. P < .05 is significant.
P < .05 vs group 2 and 3 by Scheffe's test.
P < .05 vs group 1 by Scheffe's test.
P value for difference among the three groups in means (ANOVA).
A1C = glycosylated hemoglobin, ALT = alanine aminotransferase, ASM = appendicular skeletal muscle mass, BMI = body mass index, CC = calf circumference, Cr = creatinine, eGFR = glomerular filtration ratio, F = female, FFM = fat-free mass, FFMI = fat-free mass index, FM = fat mass, FMI = fat mass index, FPG = fasting plasma glucose, GS = gait speed, HC = hip circumference, HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HGS = hand grip strength, M = male, MAC = mid-arm circumference, SMI = skeletal muscle index, TG = triglyceride, Total-C = total cholesterol, WC = waist circumference, WHR = waist–hip ratio.