Table 2.

Comparison between older adults with and without depression in terms of basic demographic and clinical characteristics in the whole sample.

	Without depression (n = 462)		With depression (n = 170)		Statistics
	N	%	N	%	χ2	dfa	P
Male gender	188	40.69	62	36.47	0.927	1	0.336
Ethnic (Han Chinese)	456	98.70	164	96.47	3.320	1	0.068
Married/cohabitating	96	20.78	40	23.53	0.557	1	0.456
Secondary school or above	210	45.45	62	36.47	4.091	1	0.043
Smoking	104	22.51	31	18.24	1.352	1	0.245
Having a religion	395	85.50	97	57.06	58.28	1	<0.001
Perceived financial status					3.226	2	0.199
Good	179	38.74	77	45.29
Fair	216	46.75	66	38.82
Poor	67	14.50	27	15.88
Family history of psychiatric disorders	11	2.44	3	1.80	0.218	1	0.641
Perceived health status					23.30	2	<0.001
Good	113	24.46	39	22.94
Fair	286	61.90	80	47.06
Poor	63	13.64	51	30.00
Living in low altitude areas	378	81.82	47	27.65	165.57	1	<0.001
Any type of insomnia	76	16.45	91	53.53	87.88	1	<0.001
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	T/Z	dfb	P
Age(year)	80.53	8.57	79.31	8.26	1.600	630	0.110
Physical QOL	13.43	1.82	12.36	2.25	6.159	630	<0.001
Psychological QOL	13.90	1.78	12.43	2.39	8.342	630	<0.001
Social QOL	13.59	1.67	12.94	2.25	3.921	630	<0.001
Environmental QOL	13.58	1.80	12.80	2.16	4.586	630	<0.001

^aχ2 text;

^bTwo sample independent t-text; Bolded values: p < 0.05; PHQ-9=Patient Health Questionnaire-9; QOL= quality of life.