Table 1.
Comparison of Patient Characteristics and Comorbid Conditions Between Case and Control Subjects.
| Characteristics at Enrollment | Case Subjects With CRS(n=113) | Control Subjects Without CRS(n=164) | Test Statistics | Unadjusted OR | 95% CI | P-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) [Mean ± SD] | 50.2 ± 15.8 | 51.5 ± 17.3 | t= 0.61 | – | – | 0.55 |
| Males N (%) | 53 (47%) | 61 (37%) | χ2= 2.60 | 0.67 | 0.41–1.09 | 0.11 |
| Females | 60 (53%) | 103 (63%) | ||||
| White/Caucasian | 102 (90%) | 117 (71%) | χ2= 14.47 | 3.73 | 1.84–7.56 | <0.001 |
| African American | 7 (6%) | 38 (23%) | χ2= 14.17 | 0.22 | 0.09–0.51 | <0.001 |
| Asian | 2 (2%) | 4 (2%) | χ2= 0.14 | 0.72 | 0.13–4.00 | 0.71 |
| Hispanic/Latino ethnicity | 6 (5%) | 6 (4%) | χ2= 0.44 | 1.48 | 0.46–4.70 | 0.51 |
| Education years completed | ||||||
| High School | 32 (28%) | 48 (29%) | χ2= 0.16 | – | – | 0.92 |
| Post-secondary/College/University | 53 (47%) | 73 (45%) | ||||
| Graduate/professional degree | 28 (25%) | 43 (26%) | ||||
| Nasal polyposis | 61 (54%) | 0 (0%) | χ2= 113.53 | 0.24 | 0.19–0.31 | <0.001 |
| Previous sinus surgery/ESS | 55 (49%) | 0 (0%) | χ2= 99.60 | 0.26 | 0.21–0.33 | <0.001 |
| Asthma | 55 (49%) | 14 (9%) | χ2= 57.62 | 10.16 | 5.25–19.67 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus (Type I/II) | 11 (10%) | 15 (9%) | χ2= 0.03 | 1.07 | 0.47–2.43 | 0.87 |
| Depression (history/self-reported) | 33 (29%) | 27 (17%) | χ2= 6.40 | 2.09 | 1.17–3.73 | 0.01 |
| Anxiety (history/self-reported) | 28 (25%) | 20 (12%) | χ2= 7.40 | 2.37 | 1.26–4.47 | 0.007 |
| OSA | 20 (18%) | 15 (9%) | χ2= 4.43 | 2.14 | 1.04–4.38 | 0.04 |
| Smoking/tobacco use (current) | 4 (4%) | 19 (12%) | χ2= 5.69 | 0.28 | 0.09–0.85 | 0.02 |
| Alcohol use (current) | 58 (52%) | 99 (60%) | χ2= 2.23 | 0.69 | 0.43–1.12 | 0.14 |
| Allergic rhinitis | 60 (53%) | 49 (30%) | χ2= 14.53 | 2.61 | 1.59–4.30 | <0.001 |
| GERD | 33 (29%) | 18 (11%) | χ2= 14.80 | 3.35 | 1.77–6.32 | <0.001 |
| Oral corticosteroid use (past 30 days) | 30 (27%) | 1 (1%) | χ2= 45.29 | 58.92 | 7.90–439.63 | <0.001 |
| TDI total score | 22.0 ± 9.2 | 28.8 ± 7.0 | t= 6.96 | – | – | <0.001 |
| Threshold score | 3.6 ± 3.0 | 6.1 ± 2.7 | t= 7.04 | – | – | <0.001 |
| Discrimination score | 9.0 ± 3.5 | 10.9 ± 2.7 | t= 4.80 | – | – | <0.001 |
| Identification score | 9.4 ± 4.1 | 11.8 ± 2.8 | t= 5.38 | – | – | <0.001 |
| OCES total score | 4.3 ± 3.5 | 0.6 ± 1.1 | t= -8.53 | – | – | <0.001 |
| QOD-NS total score | 13.2 ± 10.5 | 4.4 ± 6.9 | t= −7.83 | – | – | <0.001 |
| Olfactory diagnoses | ||||||
| Normosmia | 26 (23%) | 83 (51%) | χ2=21.36 | 0.29 | 0.17–0.50 | <0.001 |
| Hyposmia/microsmia | 49 (43%) | 71 (43%) | χ2=<0.00 | 1.00 | 0.62–1.63 | >0.99 |
| Anosmia | 38 (34%) | 10 (6%) | χ2=35.40 | 7.80 | 3.69–16.51 | <0.001 |
SD, standard deviation; CRS, chronic rhinosinusitis; ESS, endoscopic sinus surgery; OSA, obstructive sleep apnea; GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; t, independent samples t-test statistic for unadjusted, between-subjects comparisons of average scores; χ2, chi-square test statistic; reported p-values correspond to two-sided asymptotic significance; TDI, threshold, discrimination, identification; OCES, olfactory cleft endoscopy scale; QOD-NS, Questionnaire of Olfactory Dysfunction-Negative Statements; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval of OR. Empty cells indicate that summary statistics are not applicable to the measure/characteristic listed.