Table 3.
Odds Ratios for Hospitalization among SARS-CoV-2 Positive Non-Hispanic Black (vs. Non-Hispanic White) and Hispanic (vs. Non-Hispanic) Patients
|
Model 1 OR (95% CI)a (n = 6395) |
Model 2 OR (95% CI)a (n = 6345) |
Model 3 OR (95% CI)a (n = 6344) |
|
| Model AICb | 6291.8 | 6204.9 | 5804.8 |
| Non-Hispanic Black (vs. NHW) | 1.74 (1.53, 1.98) | 1.61 (1.41, 1.84) | 1.42 (1.24, 1.63) |
| Age, in 5-year units | 1.30 (1.27, 1.34) | 1.31 (1.28, 1.34) | 1.18 (1.15, 1.22) |
| Female (vs. Male) | 0.64 (0.57, 0.72) | 0.63 (0.56, 0.71) | 0.63 (0.55, 0.71) |
| Insurance Type | |||
| Commercial | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Medicare | 1.66 (1.39, 1.98) | 1.58 (1.32, 1.89) | 1.14 (0.94, 1.39) |
| Medicaid | 2.34 (1.72, 3.15) | 2.22 (1.63, 3.00) | 2.05 (1.48, 2.83) |
| Self-Pay | 0.98 (0.81, 1.17) | 0.94 (0.78, 1.13) | 1.25 (1.03, 1.52) |
| Residence: Low Income ZIP Codec | 1.51 (1.32, 1.72) | 1.41 (1.23, 1.62) | |
| Residence: Population Dense ZIPd | 0.89 (0.78, 1.01) | 0.96 (0.84, 1.10) | |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index Score | 1.15 (1.12, 1.19) | ||
| Obesity | 1.50 (1.29, 1.74) | ||
| Hypertension | 1.77 (1.51, 2.07) | ||
| Smoking (Current/Former) | 0.94 (0.80, 1.10) | ||
|
Model 1 OR (95% CI)a (n = 11,720) |
Model 2 OR (95% CI)a (n = 11,645) |
Model 3 OR (95% CI)a (n = 11,642) |
|
| Model AICb | 11,692 | 11,520 | 10,858 |
| Hispanic (vs. Non-Hispanic) | 1.57 (1.43, 1.73) | 1.47 (1.33, 1.61) | 1.61 (1.46, 1.78) |
| Age, in 5-year units | 1.30 (1.28, 1.33) | 1.31 (1.29, 1.33) | 1.21 (1.18, 1.23) |
| Female (vs. Male) | 0.63 (0.57, 0.68) | 0.62 (0.56, 0.67) | 0.58 (0.53, 0.64) |
| Insurance Type | |||
| Commercial | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Medicare | 1.70 (1.48, 1.95) | 1.63 (1.42, 1.87) | 1.23 (1.06, 1.42) |
| Medicaid | 3.05 (2.49, 3.72) | 2.88 (2.35, 3.52) | 2.80 (2.26, 3.46) |
| Self-Pay | 1.14 (1.02, 1.29) | 1.09 (0.97, 1.23) | 1.45 (1.28, 1.65) |
| Residence: Low Income ZIPc | 1.56 (1.42, 1.72) | 1.48 (1.34, 1.64) | |
| Residence: Population Dense ZIPd | 1.00 (0.91, 1.10) | 1.07 (0.97, 1.18) | |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index Score | 1.12 (1.10, 1.15) | ||
| Obesity | 1.62 (1.45, 1.82) | ||
| Hypertension | 1.67 (1.49, 1.87) | ||
| Smoking (Current/Former) | 0.86 (0.77, 0.98) | ||
a Adjusted Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals for association between individual co-variates and hospitalization among confirmed COVID-19 cases
b Model Akaike information criterion (AIC)
c Low income classified as ZIP codes in the 2 lowest pentiles for median house income
d High population density classified as ZIP codes in the 2 highest pentiles for population density