Table 4.
Odds Ratios for In-Hospital Mortality among Non-Hispanic Black (vs. Non-Hispanic White) and Hispanic (vs. Non-Hispanic) Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients
|
Model 1 OR (95% CI)a (n = 1887) |
Model 2 OR (95% CI)a (n = 1835) |
Model 3 OR (95% CI)a (n = 1835) |
|
| Model AICb | 908.51 | 796.86 | 682.03 |
| Non-Hispanic Black (vs. NHW) | 0.96 (0.65, 1.40) | 0.72 (0.47, 1.09) | 0.65 (0.40, 1.03) |
| Demographic Factors | |||
| Age, in 5-year units | 1.25 (1.16, 1.35) | 1.26 (1.16, 1.38) | 1.31 (1.20, 1.45) |
| Female (vs. Male) | 0.82 (0.56, 1.18) | 1.13 (0.76, 1.69) | 1.00 (0.64, 1.56) |
| Residence: Low Income ZIP Codec | 1.00 (0.69, 1.44) | 0.95 (0.64, 1.40) | 0.95 (0.62, 1.47) |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index Score | 1.11 (1.05, 1.17) | 1.09 (1.03, 1.16) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.10) |
| Obesity | 1.14 (0.76, 1.70) | 1.18 (0.77, 1.81) | 1.04 (0.65, 1.67) |
| Hypertension | 1.24 (0.68, 2.44) | 0.91 (0.48, 1.85) | 0.81 (0.39, 1.77) |
| Smoking (Current/Former) | 1.14 (0.77, 1.67) | 1.04 (0.69, 1.57) | 1.11 (0.71, 1.74) |
| Vital Signs | |||
| Respiratory Rate ≥ 24 breath / min | 1.80 (1.16, 2.75) | 1.29 (0.79, 2.08) | |
| Oxygen Saturation < 94% | 1.94 (1.21, 3.09) | 1.75 (1.03, 2.93) | |
| Laboratory Parameters | |||
| Lymphocytes < 20% | 3.05 (1.77, 5.57) | 2.30 (1.27, 4.41) | |
| Platelet count < 150,000/μl | 2.02 (1.26, 3.20) | 1.93 (1.14, 3.25) | |
| Aspartate aminotransferase > 40 U/l | 2.32 (1.46, 3.72) | 2.18 (1.31, 3.66) | |
| Alanine aminotransferase > 40 U/l | 1.04 (0.66, 1.66) | 0.76 (0.45, 1.28) | |
| Creatinine > 1.5 mg/dl | 2.99 (1.97, 4.55) | 2.20 (1.37, 3.55) | |
| Hospital Complications | |||
| Pneumonia | 1.04 (0.58, 1.90) | ||
| ARDS | 5.53 (2.60, 11.91) | ||
| Hypoxic Respiratory Failure | 3.68 (2.15, 6.45) | ||
| Acute Renal Injury | 1.88 (1.17, 3.01) | ||
| Acute Hepatic Injury | 1.23 (0.40, 3.61) | ||
| Cardiomyopathy or CHF | 1.10 (0.67, 1.77) | ||
| Therapeutics | 0.56 (0.26, 1.12) | ||
| Remdesivir | 0.56 (0.26, 1.12) | ||
| Dexamethasone | 0.64 (0.40, 1.00) | ||
| ICU Admission | 3.43 (2.08, 5.72) | ||
|
Model 1 OR (95% CI)a (n = 3454) |
Model 2 OR (95% CI)a (n = 3369) |
Model 3 OR (95% CI)a (n = 3369) |
|
| Model AICb | 1468.1 | 1261.7 | 1012.8 |
| Hispanic (vs. Non-Hispanic) | 1.12 (0.80, 1.54) | 0.95 (0.67, 1.34) | 0.89 (0.59, 1.31) |
| Demographic Factors | |||
| Age, in 5-year units | 1.27 (1.20, 1.35) | 1.29 (1.21, 1.39) | 1.35 (1.25, 1.46) |
| Female (vs. Male) | 0.78 (0.58, 1.04) | 1.09 (0.80, 1.49) | 0.93 (0.65, 1.32) |
| Residence: Low Income ZIP Codec | 0.95 (0.72, 1.28) | 0.87 (0.64, 1.18) | 0.88 (0.63, 1.25) |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index Score | 1.11 (1.06, 1.16) | 1.09 (1.04, 1.14) | 1.02 (0.96, 1.08) |
| Obesity | 1.30 (0.94, 1.78) | 1.34 (0.95, 1.88) | 1.08 (0.73, 1.58) |
| Hypertension | 1.38 (0.88, 2.21) | 1.09 (0.68, 1.78) | 0.88 (0.52, 1.54) |
| Smoking (Current/Former) | 1.16 (0.84, 1.60) | 1.12 (0.79, 1.58) | 1.25 (0.85, 1.84) |
| Vital Signs | |||
| Respiratory Rate ≥ 24 breath / min | 1.44 (1.02, 2.01) | 1.13 (0.77, 1.66) | |
| Oxygen Saturation < 94% | 2.33 (1.64, 3.31) | 1.90 (1.27, 2.84) | |
| Laboratory Parameters | |||
| Lymphocytes < 20% | 3.45 (2.14, 5.86) | 2.31 (1.36, 4.08) | |
| Platelet count < 150,000/μl | 1.99 (1.37, 2.86) | 1.60 (1.03, 2.45) | |
| Aspartate aminotransferase > 40 U/l | 2.88 (1.96, 4.27) | 2.47 (1.61, 3.82) | |
| Alanine aminotransferase > 40 U/l | 1.14 (0.80, 1.64) | 0.74 (0.49, 1.13) | |
| Creatinine > 1.5 mg/dl | 3.04 (2.18, 4.23) | 1.98 (1.35, 2.89) | |
| Hospital Complications | |||
| Pneumonia | 1.00 (0.60, 1.67) | ||
| ARDS | 7.02 (3.82, 13.12) | ||
| Hypoxic Respiratory Failure | 3.67 (2.27, 6.07) | ||
| Acute Renal Injury | 2.04 (1.40, 2.97) | ||
| Acute Hepatic Injury | 3.31 (1.46, 7.58) | ||
| Cardiomyopathy or CHF | 1.21 (0.80, 1.80) | ||
| Therapeutics | |||
| Remdesivir | 0.57 (0.34, 0.95) | ||
| Dexamethasone | 0.73 (0.51, 1.06) | ||
| ICU Admission | 4.55 (2.97, 7.08) | ||
AIC Akaike information criterion, ARDS Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, CHF Congestive Heart Failure
a Adjusted Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals for association between individual co-variates and in-hospital mortality among confirmed COVID-19 cases
b Model Akaike information criterion (AIC)
c Low income classified as ZIP codes in the 2 lowest pentiles for median house income