Table 3.
Comparison of studies done on long-term renal outcomes in pediatric cardiac surgery
| Author, year | Study type | AKI definition | Children evaluated, n (with AKI) | Follow- up | Measures of renal outcome |
Urinary biomarkers | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proteinuria | Hypertension | Hyperfiltration | eGFR <90 ml/min/1.73 m2 | ||||||
| Non-consensus AKI definition used | |||||||||
| Shaw et al.,16 1991 | Cross-sectional study | Need for dialysis | 11 | 1–5 years | 18.2% | 0% | 18.2% | ||
| Mel et al.,17 2014 | Prospective cohort study | Need for dialysis | 25 | 5.1 years | 0% | 0% | 36% | 4% | |
| Consensus-based AKI definition used | |||||||||
| Cooper et al.,18 2016 | Cross sectional study | pRIFLE | 51 (33 AKI) | 7 years | 3.9% | 21.2% | 0% | 14.3% | Persistent urinary biomarker excretion: IL-18, KIM-1, and L-FABP |
| Greenberg et al.,19 2016 | Prospective cohort study | AKIN | 131 (57 AKI) | 5.4 years | 6% | 11% | 0% | 0% | |
| Madsen et al.,20 2016 | Prospective cohort study | KDIGO | 382 (127 AKI) | 4.9 years | 12% | ||||
| Greenberg et al.,21 2018 | Prospective cohort study | KDIGO | 110 (49 AKI) | 5 years | Normal excretion | ||||
| Huynh et al.,10 2020 | Prospective cohort study | KDIGO | 58 (33 AKI) | 6 years | 0% | No relation of AKI with CKD | |||
| Zappitelli et al.,22 2020 | Prospective cohort study | KDIGO | 124 (57 AKI) | 3–48 months | 49% at 1-year follow-up | No relation of AKI with CKD | |||
| Current study | Prospective cohort study | KDIGO | 93 (44 AKI) | 41 months | 0% | 0% | 0% | No relation of AKI with CKD | Persistent urinary biomarker excretion: urinary NGAL, IL-18, KIM-1, and KIM-1/creatinine ratio |
AKI, acute kidney injury; AKIN, Acute Kidney Injury Network; CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; IL-18, interleukin-18; KDIGO, Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes; KIM-1, kidney injury molecule-1; L-FABP, liver-type fatty acid binding protein; pRIFLE, pediatric risk, injury, failure, loss, end-stage renal disease.