Figure 2.

Measurement schemes to evaluate the angular TMR and magnetic switching

(A) Schematic of the four-probe station used for the magnetotransport measurements of the MTJ/PMN-PT magnetoelectric hybrid structure under in situ electric and magnetic fields. The E-fields were applied across the thickness of the PMN-PT. The preserved multilayers after lithography processing served as the top electrode.

(B) The in-plane 2-axis H-field B (B_x, B_y) generated from a pair of orthogonal electromagnets, as schematically shown in (A). The rotation angle Φ is defined with respect to MTJ's minor axis (+y axis).

(C) Transfer curve for a representative MTJ measured along the major axis (i.e., Φ ∼ 90°), showing the resistance-area product (RA) and the corresponding TMR ratio.

(D) Circle transfer curve for a representative MTJ. The insets in (C) and (D) show the parallel and antiparallel states of the MTJ, corresponding to the low-resistance and high-resistance states, respectively. The error bar of TMR ratio is estimated approximately ±0.5% through making multiple measurements of the magnetoresistance of the MTJs.