Figure 5.

Magnetic switching behaviors characterized by CTC mappings (CTCMs)

(A−D) show the CTCs with in situ E-fields of (A) 0, (B) 2, (C) 4, and (D) 6 kV/cm, respectively. The H-fields are scanned in a series of constant magnitudes while rotating their directions stepwise (6°/step). The switching boundaries Φ₁ and Φ₂ are defined as the rotation angle of the H-field where the TMR ratio is greater than ∼14.5% (more than 80% of the full TMR ratio). At these boundaries, the magnetization of the free layer began to switch from the parallel to the antiparallel configuration and vice versa. The resultant switching window size ΔΦ is indicated by rectangular windows with a double arrow line. The switching fields are shown in the dashed square frames.