Table 1.
Patient characteristics
| Robust | Prefrail | Frail | All | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 166 | 217 | 126 | 558 |
| Age, yr, mean (sd) | 76.68 (7.49) | 81.14 (8.60) | 83.30 (7.90) | 80.16 (8.57) |
| Height, m, mean (sd) | 1.66 (0.11) | 1.64 (0.10) | 1.62 (0.11) | 1.64 (0.11) |
| Weight, kg, mean (sd) | 73.59 (18.98) | 68.97 (17.42) | 66.97 (20.65) | 69.96 (18.85) |
| BMI, kg m−2 mean (sd) | 26.58 (5.90) | 25.63 (5.49) | 25.16 (6.17) | 25.74 (5.74) |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||
| Female | 109 (65.7) | 153 (70.5) | 97 (77.0) | 392 (70.3) |
| Male | 56 (33.7) | 64 (29.5) | 29 (23.0) | 165 (29.6) |
| ASA physical status, n (%) | ||||
| 1 | 4 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (1.1) |
| 2 | 83 (50.0) | 44 (20.3) | 8 (6.3) | 155 (27.8) |
| 3 | 69 (41.6) | 157 (72.4) | 98 (77.8) | 346 (62.0) |
| 4 | 3 (1.8) | 10 (4.6) | 13 (10.3) | 28 (5.0) |
| Anaesthesia type, n (%) | ||||
| General | 136 (81.9) | 185 (85.3) | 106 (84.1) | 470 (84.2) |
| Spinal | 27 (16.3) | 26 (12.0) | 19 (15.1) | 78 (14.0) |
| CCI, mean (sd) | 4.93 (2.16) | 6.36 (2.52) | 7.40 (2.26) | 6.13 (2.52) |
| MNA, mean (sd) | 13.18 (1.39) | 12.03 (2.20) | 9.58 (2.91) | 11.87 (2.53) |
| Katz ADL, mean (sd) | 5.94 (0.53) | 5.54 (1.22) | 3.95 (2.22) | 5.29 (1.59) |
| Lawton IADL, mean (sd) | 7.18 (1.84) | 4.82 (2.84) | 2.29 (2.65) | 5.05 (3.10) |
| Cognition deficit, n (%) | ||||
| No | 129 (77.7) | 138 (63.6) | 62 (49.2) | 346 (62.0) |
| Yes | 30 (18.1) | 62 (28.6) | 45 (35.7) | 146 (26.2) |
| Ambulation, n (%) | ||||
| Dependent | 0 (0.0) | 10 (4.6) | 14 (11.1) | 26 (4.7) |
| Independent | 166 (100.0) | 200 (92.2) | 100 (79.4) | 504 (90.3) |
| No ambulation | 0 (0.0) | 5 (2.3) | 7 (5.6) | 13 (2.3) |
| Falls, n (%) | ||||
| None | 127 (76.5) | 119 (54.8) | 48 (38.1) | 318 (57.0) |
| 1 fall | 22 (13.3) | 56 (25.8) | 30 (23.8) | 114 (20.4) |
| 2 or more falls | 15 (9.0) | 33 (15.2) | 38 (30.2) | 93 (16.7) |
| POD, n (%) | 6 (3.6) | 24 (11.1) | 25 (19.8) | 64 (11.5) |
| LOS, mean (sd) | 5.55 (3.05) | 6.55 (4.60) | 7.55 (7.39) | 6.36 (4.93) |
| 30-day mortality, n (%) | 1 (0.6) | 2 (0.9) | 8 (6.3) | 12 (2.2) |
| 90-day mortality, n (%) | 1 (0.6) | 6 (2.8) | 15 (11.9) | 26 (4.7) |
| 180-day mortality, n (%) | 1 (0.6) | 9 (4.1) | 22 (17.5) | 36 (6.5) |
sd, standard deviation; CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; ADL, activities of daily living; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; MNA, Mini Nutritional Assessment; POD, postoperative delirium; LOS, length of stay.