Table 2.
Comparison of the 110 Survivors to 90 Nonsurvivors
| COVID Patient Variables | Nonsurvivors |
Survivors |
P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 110) | (n = 90) | ||
| Diagnosis to intubation, d, mean (SD) | 9.18 (7.42) | 5.21 (5.24) | .001 |
| Diagnosis to intubation, d | 9.00 (2.25-13.8) | 3.50 (1-9.25) | .005 |
| Intubation to cannulation, d, mean (SD) | 5.30 (5.30) | 4.18 (3.80) | .196 |
| Intubation to cannulation, d | 4 (1-8) | 3 (1-5) | .314 |
| Diagnosis to cannulation, d, mean (SD) | 12.8 (8.96) | 9.10 (6.76) | .001 |
| Diagnosis to cannulation, d | 12 (6-17) | 8 (4-14) | .003 |
| ECMO, d, mean (SD) | 21 (15.9) | 19.3 (16.4) | .472 |
| ECMO, d | 18 (9.25-28) | 12.5 (8-27.2) | .25 |
| ECMO, h, mean (SD) | 493 (381) | 454 (393) | .488 |
| ECMO, h | 412 (217-668) | 292 (192-648) | .251 |
| Age, y, mean (SD) | 52.5 (11.8) | 46.4 (11.7) | <.001 |
| Age, y | 56 (45.2-61) | 47 (36-56.8) | <.001 |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 29 (26.4) | 33 (36.7) | .157 |
| Male | 81 (73.6) | 57 (63.3) | |
| Asthma | |||
| No | 91 (82.7) | 76 (84.4) | .893 |
| Yes | 19 (17.3) | 14 (15.6) | |
| Cancer | |||
| No | 106 (96.4) | 88 (97.8) | .692 |
| Yes | 4 (3.6) | 2 (2.2) | |
| Chronic renal failure | |||
| No | 102 (93.6) | 85 (94.4) | 1 |
| Yes | 7 (6.4) | 5 (5.6) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | |||
| No | 64 (58.2) | 60 (66.7) | .279 |
| Yes | 46 (41.8) | 30 (33.3) | |
| Heart disease | |||
| No | 96 (87.3) | 82 (91.1) | .525 |
| Yes | 14 (12.7) | 8 (8.9) | |
| Hypertension | |||
| No | 59 (53.6) | 47 (52.2) | .955 |
| Yes | 51 (46.4) | 43 (47.8) | |
| Obesity | |||
| No | 37 (33.6) | 35 (38.9) | .534 |
| Yes | 73 (66.4) | 55 (61.1) | |
| One or more comorbid conditions | |||
| No | 15 (13.6) | 17 (18.9) | .416 |
| Yes | 95 (86.4) | 73 (81.1) | |
| Prone position before ECMO | |||
| No | 38 (34.9) | 35 (38.9) | .661 |
| Yes | 71 (65.1) | 55 (61.1) | |
| P/F ratioa pre-ECMO, mean (SD) | 73.1 (31.9) | 64.9 (18.1) | .08 |
| Tracheostomy performed | |||
| No | 76 (69.1) | 54 (60) | .233 |
| Yes | 34 (30.9) | 36 (40) | |
| Number of circuit changes | 0 (0-1) | 0 (0-1) | .914 |
| One or more circuit changes | |||
| No | 71 (67.6) | 59 (67) | 1 |
| Yes | 34 (32.4) | 29 (33) | |
| CVVH or CRRT used | |||
| No | 72 (67.3) | 63 (70.8) | .71 |
| Yes | 35 (32.7) | 26 (29.2) | |
| ECMO type | |||
| Venoarterial | 9 (8.2) | 3 (3.3) | .255 |
| Venovenous | 101 (91.8) | 87 (96.7) | |
| Anticoagulation type | |||
| Argatroban | 6 (5.5) | 5 (5.6) | .961 |
| Bivalirudin | 16 (14.7) | 12 (13.3) | |
| Heparin | 87 (79.8) | 73 (81.1) | |
| Antiviral medication | |||
| No | 50 (45.5) | 41 (45.6) | 1 |
| Yes | 60 (54.5) | 49 (54.4) | |
| Convalescent plasma | |||
| No | 47 (45.6) | 43 (50) | .651 |
| Yes | 56 (54.4) | 43 (50) | |
| Hydroxychloroquine | |||
| No | 86 (78.2) | 68 (75.6) | .787 |
| Yes | 24 (21.8) | 22 (24.4) | |
| Interleukin-6 blocker | |||
| No | 71 (65.7) | 51 (56.7) | .246 |
| Yes | 37 (34.3) | 39 (43.3) | |
| Prostaglandin | |||
| No | 59 (54.1) | 57 (63.3) | .243 |
| Yes | 50 (45.9) | 33 (36.7) | |
| Steroids | |||
| No | 30 (27.3) | 26 (28.9) | .924 |
| Yes | 80 (72.7) | 64 (71.1) |
Values are median (interquartile range) or n (%) unless otherwise indicated.
CRRT, continuous renal replacement therapy; CVVH, continuous venovenous hemofiltration; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
a
The P/F ratio is the arterial partial pressure of oxygen (Pao2) divided by the fraction of inspired oxygen (Fio2) expressed as a decimal.