Table 3.

All-cause mortality, health system usage, and treatment retention in telemedicine groups

	Patients, n	Adjusted effect size (95% CI)
All-cause mortality
Predominantly in person (reference groups)	41,798
Mixed	6,097	OR 1.0 (0.9–1.1)
Predominantly telemedicine	8,059	OR 0.9 (0.8–1.0)
Emergency department visits
Predominantly in person (reference groups)	41,798
Mixed	6,097	IRR 1.2 (1.2–1.3)
Predominantly telemedicine	8,059	IRR 1.4 (1.4–1.5)
Opioid-related emergency department visits
Predominantly in person (reference groups)	41,798
Mixed	6,097	IRR 1.0 (0.7–1.2)
Predominantly telemedicine	8,059	IRR 1.1 (0.9–1.3)
Mental health-related emergency department visits
Predominantly in person (reference groups)	41,798
Mixed	6,097	IRR 1.5 (1.3–1.7)
Predominantly telemedicine	8,059	IRR 1.4 (1.3–1.6)
Hospitalizations
Predominantly in person (reference groups)	41,798
Mixed	6,097	IRR 0.9 (0.9–0.9)
Predominantly telemedicine	8,059	IRR 0.9 (0.9–1.0)
Opioid-related hospitalizations
Predominantly in person (reference groups)	41,798
Mixed	6,097	IRR 1.2 (0.9–1.8)
Predominantly telemedicine	8,059	IRR 1.3 (0.9–1.7)
Mental health-related hospitalizations
Predominantly in person (reference groups)	41,798
Mixed	6,097	IRR 1.1 (1.0–1.2)
Predominantly telemedicine	8,059	IRR 1.2 (1.1–1.3)
One-year treatment retention (buprenorphine)**
Predominantly in person (reference groups)	20,862
Mixed	3,619	HR 1.0 (1.0–1.1)
Predominantly telemedicine	4,019	HR 1.1 (1.0–1.3)
One-year treatment retention (methadone)**
Predominantly in person (reference groups)	20,862
Mixed	3,619	HR 1.1 (1.0–1.1)
Predominantly telemedicine	4,019	HR 1.0 (1.0–1.3)

OR, odds ratio; HR, hazard ratio; IRR, incidence rate ratio.

^**Subgroup analysis (n = 28,000).