Table 4.
Descriptive overview of interventions
| Reference | Intervention description | Geographical setting | HIV prevalence | Population | Sample size | Time horizon | Data collection type | Perspective | Cost measurement | Sensitivity Analysis | Discount rate | Analysis Instrument | QHES Score | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Control(s) | |||||||||||||
| HIVST | ||||||||||||||
| Choko et al. 2019 [97] |
1. Standard of care + clinic access to HIVST [ST]. 2. ST + $3 conditional fixed cash financial incentive [ST + $3]. 3. ST + fixed cash financial incentive [ST + $10]. 4. ST+ 10% chance of winning $30 [ST + lottery]. 5. ST + phone reminder to present at clinic [ST + reminder] |
Standard of care [SOC] | Blantyre, Malawi | Not stated | Women attending an antenatal care (ANC} for the first time for their current pregnancy (regardless of trimester), 18 years and older, with a primary male partner not known to be on ART | 2349 pregnant women | 8 August 2016 and 30 June 2017 | Prospective | Healthcare only | Costs per male partner who attended the clinic with a confirmed HIV test result | None | None | 52 | |
| George et al, 2018 [98] | Short message service (SMS) promoting availability of HIVST, sent once a week for 3 weeks [HIVST]. |
1. Standard of care (SMS reminder sent once. [SOC] 2. Enhanced standard of case (SMS reminder sent once a week for 3 weeks [Enhanced SOC]. |
Kenya | Not stated | Male truckers (Trucker) and female sex workers (FSW) | 2262 truckers and 2196 FSWs | Dec. 2016 to April 2017 | Prospective | Societal | (1) Total cost of cohort. (2) Total cost of intervention. (3) Cost per client. (4) Cost per additional client. | Univariate (cost sensitivity) | 3% | Not stated | 85.5 |
| Maheswaran et al., 2016 [99] |
Intervention: HIVST |
Control: Facility-based HIV testing and counseling (FBHTC) in the following sites, 1. Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital [QECH] 2. Ndirande health center [Ndirande] Chilomani health center [Chilomani]. |
Blantyre, Malawi | 18% (adult) | Adult | 1,200 adults | Feb. 2013 to April 2014 | Prospective | Societal | (1) Total annual health provider cost. (2) Cost per participant tested. (3) Cost per HIV positive identified. (4) Cost per HIV positive individual assessed for ART eligibility. (5) Cost per HIV positive initiated onto ART. (6) quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) | EuroQol EQ-5D (impact of alternative approaches to estimating total societal costs and for valuing health-related quality of life [HRQoL]) | None | Non-parametric bootstrap methods and Generalized linear models (GLM) for multivariate analyses of cost data (stewed cost data). | 86 |
| Home-Based HIV counseling and testing | ||||||||||||||
| Bogart et al. 2017 [95] | Home-based HIV testing and counseling [HBHTC] | Event-based testing and counseling [EBHTC] | Lake Victoria, Uganda | Not stated | Adult 18 years and above. Children under 12 years old with consent. Infant 18 months and younger, with HIV+ mothers and mothers’ consent. | 1363 individuals in 629 households (965 adults, 386 children; 13 missing ages) | May–July, 2015 | Prospective | Healthcare only | (1) Total cost of each intervention (2) cost per test | None | None | Not stated | 59 |
| Cham et al. 2019 [96] | Home-based HIV testing and counseling [HBHTC] |
1. Provider-initiated testing and counseling [PITC]. 2. Venue-based HIV testing and counseling [VBHTC]. |
Bukoba Municipal Council (BMC), Tanzania | 9.1% for adults aged 18–49 years (BMC) | People aged 15 years and older | 133,695 people (56 304 males, 77 391 females). | 2014–2017 | Retrospective | Healthcare only |
Estimated incremental cost over 2.5 years: (1) Total intervention cost (2) Total cost of testing Strategies. (3) Cost per test. (4) Cost per HIV diagnosed. |
None | None | Not stated | 76.0 |
| Mulogo et al. 2013 [101] | Home-based HIV testing and counseling [HBHTC]. | Facility-based HIV testing and counseling [FBHTC] | Rugando and Kabingo sub-Counties of Uganda |
FBVCT = 7% HBVCT = 9% |
1 adult per household between ages 18-59. Total number of participants = 971; 294 males and 677 females. |
418,300 (Rugando) and 385,500 (Kabingo) |
Nov. 2007 to March 2008 | Prospective | Healthcare only | (1) Total annual economic cost. (2) Average cost per client counseled and tested. (3) Average cost per client diagnosed HIV positive | Univariate (HIV prevalence likely to change over time) | 5% | TreeAge Pro 2009 | 79.5 |
| Tabana et al. 2015 [104] | Home-based HIV testing and counseling [HBHTC]. | Facility-based HIV testing and counseling [FBHTC] | KwaZulu Natal, South Africa | 17% | Adults 18 years and above, individuals 14–17-year-old with guardian/parental consent) | 100 to 200 households, approx. 46,000 people | Jan. to Dec. 2010 | Retrospective | Healthcare only | (1) Total annual cost. (2) Cost per client tested. (3) Incremental cost per additional HIV test | Univariate (professional nurses’ salaries, catchment population size, HIV test kits) | 3– 6% | CostIt software 2007 | 78.5 |
| Meehan et al. 2017 [100] | Mobile-based HIV testing and counseling (MHTC) | Stand-alone community-based HIV testing and counseling [SAHTC]. | Cape Metro district, Western Cape Province, South Africa. | Antenatal HIV prevalence of 20.4% | Not stated | 5031 individuals (SAHTC) and 3104 (MHTC) | July to Sept. 2014 | Retrospective | Healthcare only | (1) Total cost of each HTS modality. (2) Costs per persons counseled. (3) Costs per test. (4) Costs per diagnosis. (5)K Costs per HIV referred. (6) Costs per linked to HIV care. | None | None | Not stated | 67.0 |
| Mobile HIV counseling and testing | ||||||||||||||
| Parker et al. 2015 [103] | Mobile-based testing and counseling (MHTC) | Home-based HIV testing and counseling [HBHTC]. | Shiselweni region, Swaziland | Not stated | Individuals over 12 years of age who gave informed consent and deemed competent to make this decision. Individuals under 12, or lacking competence with legal guardian consent. | 25 health facilities. 2043 (MHTC) and 12269 (HBHTC). | March - October, 2013 | Not stated | Healthcare only | (1) Cost per person reached. (2) Cost per HIV positive identified. (3) Cost per HIV positive identified and linked to care. | None | None | Not stated | 64.0 |
| Provider-initiated counseling and testing | ||||||||||||||
| Obure et al. 2012 [102] | Provider-initiated counseling and testing [PITC] | Voluntary counseling and testing [VCT]. | Kenya and Swaziland |
7.1% -Kenya 26%-Swaziland |
Not stated | 41 health facilities in Kenya and Swaziland | 2008–2009 fiscal year | Retrospective | Healthcare only | (1) Total annual cost. (2) Average cost per client counseled and tested. (3) Average cost per client diagnosed HIV positive | None | 3% | Not stated | 45.5 |