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. 2021 Jul 6;150:111400. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.111400

Table 6.

The energy needed for the steps of the process (Including the vaccination centres and waste treatment).

Equipment Power (W) Operation time (h) Energy consumed (kWh) Energy consumed for 1 M doses (kWh) Total CO2 emission (kg) Total emission for 1 M doses (kg CO2) References
Disinfectant
Continuous stirred-tank reactor 4,500 24

  • •108 (for 1t production)

  • •2.26* (required for 1,000 vaccinations)

* The value 2.26 kWh is assumed for the 1,000 doses of vaccine /d. The 4 × 3 m area required a disinfectant of 9 L/d. The 10 L/d disinfectant needs to be used by sanitation walkthrough for 1,000 person/doses vaccinated [42].		 2,260

  • •44.3 (against 108 kWh of energy consumed)

  • •0.92*

*The value 0.92 kg of CO2 is assumed for the 1,000 doses of vaccine/d.		 920 [43]
Vaccine vials manufacturing
Furnace (water removal) 7,083 24
  • •

    170 (for 1 t of glass)

  • •

    26.6*

*The value 26.6 kWh is assumed for the 1,000 vials/d.		 26,600
  • •

    69.7 (against 170 kWh of energy consumed)

  • •

    1.70

*The value 0.92 kg of CO2 is assumed for the 1,000 doses of vaccine/d.		 1,700 [48]
Furnace (dry process) 18,333 24
  • •

    440 (for 1t of glass)

  • •

    44.3*

*The value 44.3 kWh is assumed for the 1,000 vials/d.		 44,300
  • •

    180.4 (against 440 kWh of energy consumed)

  • •

    2.79

*The value 2.79 kg of CO2 is assumed for the 1,000 doses of vaccine/d.		 2,790
Furnace (wet process) 33,041 24
  • •

    793 (for 1t of glass)

  • •

    80.1*

*The value 44.3 kWh is assumed for the 1,000 vials/d.		 80,100
  • •

    325.5 (against 793 kWh of energy consumed)

  • •

    2.79

*The value 2.79 kg of CO2 is assumed for the 1,000 doses of vaccine/d.		 5,585
Syringes for vaccination manufacturing
Hydraulic moulding 213 24 5.12 5,120*
* It's also include the needle manufacturing and syringe sterilisation energy		 2.09 2,090 [52]
Electric moulding 159 24 2.55 2,550 1.04 1,040
Hybrid moulding 106 24 3.83 3,830 1.57 1,570
All healthcare facilities for 1,000 doses/d (Vaccination centre with a staff of 5 persons)
Lights (fluorescent) 11 6 0.066 66 0.41 kg of CO2/kWh of energy [68]
Mobile phone charger 5–20 8 0.04–0.16 160
Ceiling fan (CD, AC) 30–100 10 0.3–1.0 1,000
All healthcare facilities
Water pump 100 6 0.6 600 0.41 kg of CO2/kWh of energy
Computer 15–200 4 0.06–0.8 800
Heating and air conditioning 1,000–1,500 4 4–7.5 7,500
Others (TV, Audio/Visual device) 2–30 8 0.016–0.24 240
Vaccination centre laboratory equipment
Vaccine refrigerator (165 L) 40–500 4 0.16–2 2,000 0.41 kg of CO2/kWh of energy