Table 3.
Study characteristics (N = 21)
| Characteristics | N (%) |
|---|---|
| Settinga | |
| Child welfare | 3 (14%) |
| Mental health agencies | 17 (81%) |
| Substance use agencies | 2 (10%) |
| Hospital | 3 (14%) |
| Other | 3 (14%) |
| Country | |
| Canada | 1 (5%) |
| Netherlands | 2 (10%) |
| United States | 18 (86%) |
| Design | |
| Observational | 19 (90%) |
| Quasi-/Experimental | 2 (10%) |
| Method | |
| Quantitative | 12 (57%) |
| Qualitative | 6 (29%) |
| Mixed | 3 (14%) |
| Data sourcea | |
| Survey | 15 (71%) |
| Interview | 8 (38%) |
| Focus groups | 3 (14%) |
| Field notes | 3 (14%) |
| Record reviews | 3 (14%) |
| Used a leadership questionnaire | 13 (62%) |
| Used a validated questionnaire (n = 13) | 12 (92%) |
| Used a partially validated questionnaire (n = 13) | 1 (8%) |
| Used an inner-context and/or implementation outcome questionnaire | 15 (71%) |
| Used a validated questionnaire (n = 15) | 11 (73%) |
| Used a partially validated questionnaire (n = 15) | 11 (73%) |
| Used an unvalidated questionnaire (n = 15) | 1 (7%) |
| Implemented a clinical innovation | 13 (62%) |
| Phase of implementationa | |
| Preparation | 2 (10%) |
| Implementation | 11 (52%) |
| Sustainment | 2 (10%) |
| Multiple phases (unspecified) | 1 (5%) |
| No active implementation | 8 (38%) |
| Not reported | 1 (5%) |
| Leadership examineda | |
| General leadership | 16 (76%) |
| Transformational leadership | 14 (67%) |
| Transactional leadership | 6 (29%) |
| Passive-avoidant leadership | 4 (19%) |
| Strategic leadership | 12 (57%) |
| Implementation leadership | 11 (52%) |
| Middle-managers’ roles in implementationb | 6 (29%) |
| EBP championb | 2 (10%) |
| Leader behaviorsb (uncategorized) | 5 (24%) |
| Leader characteristicsb (uncategorized) | 1 (5%) |
| Inner-context outcomesa | 12 (57%) |
| Organizational characteristicsa | 8 (38%) |
| Organizational climate | 3 (14%) |
| Organizational culture | 2 (10%) |
| Implementation climate | 2 (10%) |
| Innovation climate | 1 (5%) |
| Individual characteristicsa | 8 (38%) |
| Attitudes towards EBP | 6 (29%) |
| Knowledge of EBP | 1 (5%) |
| Burnout | 1 (5%) |
| Implementation outcomes | 11 (52%) |
| Adoption | 3 (14%) |
| Fidelity | 1 (5%) |
| General implementation | 6 (29%) |
| Sustainment | 1 (5%) |
N = 21 unless specified otherwise
aResponses are not mutually exclusive
bThe studies reporting these leadership roles and behaviors were all qualitative studies