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. 2021 Jul 6;52:101. doi: 10.1186/s13567-021-00970-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Determination of inflammatory cytokine expressions in avian macrophages HD-11. HD-11 cells were infected with each APEC strain. The transcription levels of IL-1β and IL-8 in bacteria-infected HD-11 cells were analyzed at 3 h, 6 h post-invasion by qRT-PCR. APEC infection led to significantly upregulated expressions of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-8 compared to the uninfected cells. The expression of IL-1β and IL-8 was significantly decreased in HD-11 cells infected with ΔdctR compared with the wild-type strain at 6 h post-invasion. Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA (*P < 0.05).