Table 1.
Results from a multilevel logistic regression model examining demographic characteristics and health behaviours associated with energy drink consumption among Australian secondary school students (N = 8736)
| Energy drink consumption (≥1 cup/week) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted % | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | P value | |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 5.2 | 1.00 | ||
| Male | 8.3 | 1.83 | 1.49–2.24 | <0.001 |
| Year level | ||||
| 8 | 6.1 | 1.00 | ||
| 9 | 6.7 | 1.13 | 0.87–1.47 | 0.367 |
| 10 | 8.1 | 1.43 | 1.09–1.89 | 0.011 |
| 11 | 6.6 | 1.11 | 0.80–1.53 | 0.538 |
| Socio-economic area | ||||
| High (least disadvantaged) | 6.3 | 1.00 | ||
| Medium | 7.1 | 1.17 | 0.87–1.57 | 0.300 |
| Low (most disadvantaged) | 7.1 | 1.16 | 0.83–1.63 | 0.386 |
| Geographic location | ||||
| Metropolitan | 6.9 | 1.00 | ||
| Rural/regional | 7.0 | 1.03 | 0.72–1.47 | 0.873 |
| Weekly spending money | ||||
| <AUD$10 | 5.2 | 1.00 | ||
| AUD$10–AUD$39 | 6.6 | 1.35 | 1.06–1.72 | 0.014 |
| ≥AUD$40 | 9.0 | 2.03 | 1.60–2.57 | <0.001 |
| Health behaviours | ||||
| Vegetable consumption | ||||
| ≥2 servings/day | 6.6 | 1.00 | ||
| ≤1 serving/day | 7.7 | 1.22 | 1.00–1.50 | 0.055 |
| Fruit consumption | ||||
| ≥2 servings/day | 7.3 | 1.00 | ||
| ≤1 serving/day | 6.0 | 0.76 | 0.62–0.95 | 0.015 |
| Fruit juice consumption | ||||
| ≤3 cups/week | 6.1 | 1.00 | ||
| ≥4 cups/week | 8.6 | 1.57 | 1.29–1.90 | <0.001 |
| Sugary drink consumption | ||||
| ≤3 cups/week | 4.5 | 1.00 | ||
| ≥4 cups/week | 13.7 | 3.81 | 3.12–4.66 | <0.001 |
| Fast food consumption | ||||
| <1 times/week | 4.9 | 1.00 | ||
| ≥1 times/week | 8.6 | 2.00 | 1.62–2.45 | <0.001 |
| Snack food consumption | ||||
| <14 times/week | 5.9 | 1.00 | ||
| ≥14 times/week | 10.4 | 2.08 | 1.69–2.56 | <0.001 |
| Physical activity | ||||
| ≤4 days/week | 6.9 | 1.00 | ||
| ≥5 days/week | 6.9 | 1.00 | 0.83–1.21 | 0.981 |
| Sedentary recreational screen time | ||||
| ≤2 h/day | 7.2 | 1.00 | ||
| >2 h/day | 6.9 | 0.94 | 0.65–1.36 | 0.739 |
| Estimated sleep durationa | ||||
| Meeting recommendations | 5.5 | 1.00 | ||
| Not meeting recommendations | 9.8 | 2.10 | 1.74–2.53 | <0.001 |
Notes: Bolded results are statistically significant at p < 0.01. Percentages and odds ratios are adjusted for all other covariates listed in the table, school-level clustering, state/territory and school type
OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, TV television
aFor students aged 5 to 13 years, the recommended minimum sleep is 9 h per night, while for students aged 14 to 17 years, the recommended minimum sleep is 8 h per night [56]