Table 1.
Observational association between psychologic wellbeing and odds of CKD stage 3–5 in the UK Biobank
| Exposure | N with Exposure | N with CKD and Proportion | Age,- Sex-Adjusted Model | Multivariable Model | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P | adjusted OR (95% CI) | P | |||
| General happiness | ||||||
| Moderately, very, or extremely happy | 138,686 | 5404 (3.9%) | 0.65 (0.58 to 0.73) | <0.001 | 0.71 (0.63 to 0.80) | <0.001 |
| Moderately, very, or extremely unhappy | 8201 | 347 (4.2%) | Reference | reference | ||
| Belief that own life is meaningful | ||||||
| Very or an extreme amount | 94,812 | 3601 (3.8%) | 0.83 (0.78 to 0.88) | <0.001 | 0.87 (0.82 to 0.92) | <0.001 |
| A moderate amount, a little, or not at all | 49,374 | 2034 (4.1%) | reference | reference | ||
| Broad depression | ||||||
| Presence of broad depression | 161,349 | 10,484 (6.5%) | 1.22 (1.19 to 1.26) | <0.001 | 1.11 (1.09 to 1.15) | <0.001 |
| Absence of broad depression | 307,172 | 18,090 (5.9%) | reference | reference | ||
| Neuroticism | ||||||
| Neuroticism score ≥5 | 153,918 | 9137 (5.9%) | 1.21 (1.17 to 1.24) | <0.001 | 1.13 (1.10 to 1.16) | <0.001 |
| Neuroticism score <5 | 221,582 | 12,882 (5.8%) | reference | reference | ||
The multivariable model was adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and number of household members. The complete-case multivariable analysis was performed for 145,443 individuals with general happiness exposure (5663 patients with CKD), 142,784 individuals with meaningful life exposure (5549 patients with CKD), 458,965 individuals with broad depression exposure (27,631 patients with CKD), and 369,575 individuals with neuroticism exposure (21,363 patients with CKD), respectively, without any missing information in the covariates. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.