Table 4.
Growth curve models: parameter estimates for fixed effects, representing the average effect for all occupations (macro-level effects). [SD=standard deviation.]
| Domain | Dimension | Intercept | Linear slope | Quadratic slope | Cubic slope | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate | Error | Estimate | Error | SD10-y change a | Estimate | Error | Estimate | Error | ||
| Job resources | ||||||||||
| Influence | Decision authority;pace b | 4.261 | 0.068 | –0.048 | 0.025 | –0.079 | ||||
| Decision authority; when c | 2.522 | 0.044 | 0.191 | 0.079 | 0.016 | –0.250 | 0.105 | 0.088 | 0.038 | |
| Decision authority; what, how b | 2.895 | 0.041 | 0.012 | 0.012 | 0.032 | |||||
| Unbound and free b | 3.450 | 0.041 | 0.001 | 0.016 | 0.001 | |||||
| Social support | Support from colleagues b | 3.080 | 0.019 | –0.013 | 0.011 | –0.085 | ||||
| Appreciation c | 2.863 | 0.042 | 0.186 | 0.103 | 0.156 | –0.342 | 0.136 | 0.161 | 0.050 | |
| Recovery | Pause opportunities b, d | 4.072 | 0.074 | –0.032 | 0.027 | –0.047 | ||||
| Meaningfulness | Meaningfulness b | 3.904 | 0.045 | 0.008 | 0.014 | 0.020 | ||||
| Job demands | ||||||||||
| Cognitive | Difficulty of work tasks b | 3.039 | 0.017 | 0.027 | 0.007 | 0.189 | ||||
| Monotony b | 3.518 | 0.064 | 0.003 | 0.016 | 0.004 | |||||
| Concentration b | 4.968 | 0.037 | –0.031 | 0.019 | –0.099 | |||||
| Psychological pressure c, d | 2.693 | 0.042 | –0.122 | 0.099 | 0.486 | 0.524 | 0.150 | –0.227 | 0.061 | |
| Quantitative | Workload c | 2.252 | 0.025 | 0.049 | 0.074 | 0.473 | 0.168 | 0.098 | –0.086 | 0.036 |
| Work–leisure spillover b | 3.540 | 0.057 | –0.026 | 0.019 | –0.050 | |||||
| Time pressure c, d | 3.916 | 0.047 | 0.502 | 0.146 | 0.048 | –0.631 | 0.220 | 0.220 | 0.090 | |
| Overtime c, d | 3.714 | 0.053 | 0.059 | 0.053 | 0.030 | –0.688 | 0.175 | 0.218 | 0.072 | |
| Emotional | Emotionally demanding contacts** b | 4.291 | 0.092 | –0.065 | 0.017 | –0.075 | ||||
| Violence and threats b, e | 6.774 | 0.040 | 0.005 | 0.010 | 0.012 | |||||
| Physical | Work postures c | 2.989 | 0.059 | –0.182 | 0.094 | 0.164 | 0.282 | 0.126 | –0.079 | 0.046 |
| Bend and twist c | 3.542 | 0.093 | –0.848 | 0.135 | 0.195 | 1.100 | 0.180 | –0.321 | 0.066 | |
| Physical workload b, d | 3.437 | 0.085 | 0.014 | 0.015 | 0.017 | |||||
Linear standardized 10-year change (standardized based on variation between occupations), calculated using Model III (linear change only). Bold numbers indicate significant fixed slopes in Model III; bold numbers indicate P-value <0.05.
Fixed parameters were estimated using Model III (linear macro trend).
Fixed parameters were estimated using Model IV (nonlinear macro trend).
The time series was disrupted in 2013 due to rewording of the SWES (2015), resulting in a shortened time series (1997–2013).
The dimensions “Emotionally demanding contacts” and “Violence and threats” are highly skewed, with most professions reporting close to the maximum in the scale and thus not experiencing such demands at work.