Table 5.
Growth curve models: parameter estimates for random effects, representing variation between occupations in intercept and slope (mesolevel effects). [SD=standard deviation.]
| Domain | Dimension | Intercept variance | Slope variance | Slope effect size | Residual variance | Covariance intercept- slope | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate | Error | Estimate | Error | SD 10-y change (low) a | SD 10-y change (high) a | Estimate | Error | Estimate | Error | ||
| Job resources | |||||||||||
| Influence | Decision authority; pace b | 0.373 | 0.061 | 0.024 | 0.008 | –0.578 | 0.420 | 0.097 | 0.005 | –0.037 | 0.017 |
| Decision authority; when c | 0.150 | 0.024 | 0.005 | 0.002 | –0.335 | 0.367 | 0.026 | 0.001 | –0.006 | 0.005 | |
| Decision authority;what, how b | 0.141 | 0.023 | 0.004 | 0.002 | –0.315 | 0.379 | 0.027 | 0.001 | –0.010 | 0.005 | |
| Unbound and free b | 0.135 | 0.022 | 0.013 | 0.004 | –0.597 | 0.600 | 0.037 | 0.002 | –0.014 | 0.007 | |
| Social support | Support from colleagues b | 0.022 | 0.005 | 0.002 | 0.002 | –0.723 | 0.553 | 0.029 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Appreciation c | 0.124 | 0.021 | 0.011 | 0.004 | –0.431 | 0.744 | 0.043 | 0.002 | –0.151 | 0.007 | |
| Recovery | Pause opportunities b, d | 0.455 | 0.073 | 0.029 | 0.010 | –0.540 | 0.455 | 0.089 | 0.005 | -0.033 | 0.020 |
| Meaningfulness | Meaningfulness b | 0.167 | 0.027 | 0.007 | 0.003 | –0.370 | 0.409 | 0.036 | 0.002 | –0.024 | 0.007 |
| Job demands | |||||||||||
| Cognitive | Difficulty of work tasks b | 0.021 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.001 | –0.129 | 0.507 | 0.013 | 0.001 | –0.002 | 0.001 |
| Monotony b | 0.352 | 0.055 | 0.006 | 0.003 | –0.255 | 0.263 | 0.052 | 0.003 | –0.037 | 0.011 | |
| Concentration b | 0.100 | 0.018 | 0.011 | 0.005 | –0.900 | 0.659 | 0.067 | 0.004 | –0.173 | 0.008 | |
| Psychological pressure c, d | 0.127 | 0.021 | 0.008 | 0.003 | 0.014 | 0.957 | 0.030 | 0.002 | –0.024 | 0.007 | |
| Quantitative | Workload c | 0.039 | 0.007 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.091 | 0.855 | 0.023 | 0.001 | –0.001 | 0.002 |
| Work–leisure spillover b | 0.270 | 0.044 | 0.012 | 0.005 | –0.471 | 0.371 | 0.068 | 0.004 | –0.035 | 0.012 | |
| Time pressure c, d | 0.138 | 0.024 | 0.015 | 0.007 | –0.581 | 0.677 | 0.066 | 0.004 | –0.012 | 0.010 | |
| Overtime c, d | 0.214 | 0.034 | 0.006 | 0.004 | –0.259 | 0.318 | 0.419 | 0.002 | –0.016 | 0.008 | |
| Emotional | Emotionally demanding contacts b, e | 0.741 | 0.113 | 0.012 | 0.004 | –0.326 | 0.175 | 0.041 | 0.002 | –0.019 | 0.015 |
| Violence and threats b, e | 0.135 | 0.021 | 0.004 | 0.001 | –0.311 | 0.336 | 0.018 | 0.001 | –0.011 | 0.004 | |
| Physical | Work postures c | 0.283 | 0.044 | 0.006 | 0.003 | –0.113 | 0.441 | 0.037 | 0.002 | –0.020 | 0.008 |
| Bend and twist c | 0.711 | 0.110 | 0.011 | 0.005 | –0.013 | 0.403 | 0.075 | 0.004 | –0.032 | 0.018 | |
| Physical workload* b | 0.625 | 0.096 | 0.006 | 0.003 | –0.170 | 0.204 | 0.034 | 0.002 | -0.019 | 0.012 | |
All slope effect sizes were estimated using Model III. Bold numbers indicate P-value < 0.05.
Variance and covariance parameters were estimated using Model III (linear macro trend).
Variance and covariance parameters were estimated using Model IV (nonlinear macro trend).
The time series was disrupted in 2013 due to rewording of the SWES (2015), resulting in a shortened time series (1997–2013).
The dimensions “Emotionally demanding contacts” and “Violence and threats” are highly skewed, with most professions reporting close to the maximum in the scale and thus not experiencing such demands at work.