TABLE 1.
Reginal differences of perivascular adipose tissue.
| cPVAT | tPVAT | aPVAT | mPVAT | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anatomical location | Pericoronary, adjacent to the heart | Thoracic periaortic, from aortic arch at T4 to the T10–T11 vertebrae, above the diaphragm | Abdominal periaortic, from below the diaphragm to femoral bifurcation | Mesenteric arterial, around the resistance mesenteric arteries |
| Other name/acronym | Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT), C-PVAT, PVAT-CA | Thoracic PVAT, Thor PVAT | Abd PVAT | Adipose tissue of mesenteric bed |
| Predominant adipocyte | Beige Sacks et al. (2013) | Brown | White, very few beige Police et al. (2009) | White |
| Morphology of adipocyte | Spotted multilocular, but mainly small unilocular adipocytes | Multilocular brown adipocytes, abundant mitochondria Fitzgibbons et al. (2011), Padilla et al. (2013) | Primarily unilocular, fewer mitochondria Police et al. (2009), Padilla et al. (2013) | Large unilocular Galvez et al. (2006), Gil-Ortega et al. (2010) |
| Highly expressed gene | UCP-1, PRDM16, PGC-1α, PPARγ, and the beige adipocyte-specific marker CD137 Sacks et al. (2009), Sacks et al. (2013) | UCP-1, PRDM16, PGC-1α Tran et al. (2018); Cidea, PPARγ Fitzgibbons et al. (2011); EBF2 Angueira et al. (2021) | Hoxc8, Nnat, Sncg, Mest Tran et al. (2018) | Hoxc8, Tcf21, Tbx1, Pat2, dermatopontin Walden et al. (2012), Friederich-Persson et al. (2017) |
| Developmental origin | Splanchnic mesoderm Sacks et al. (2013) | Multiple lineages including ectoderm-derived neural crest (periaoritic arch) and mesoderm Ye et al. (2019) | Mesoderm | Mesothelial lineage |
| Progenitor/stem cell marker | Unknown | Pparg-dependent Xiong et al. (2018); Myf5+/Myf5− (Ye et al. (2019); Pdgfra+ | Pparg-dependent, SM22α+ Chang et al. (2012) | CD34, CD44, and Pdgfra+ Contreras et al. (2016); SM22α+ Chang et al. (2012) |
| Pro-/anti-inflammatory | Pro-inflammation and pro-atherosclerosis Numaguchi et al. (2019) | Anti-atherosclerosis and anti-inflammation in mouse; Fitzgibbons et al. (2011); proatherosclerosis in human Lehman et al. (2010), Britton et al. (2012) | Pro-inflammation and prone to aneurysm formation Police et al. (2009) | Pro-inflammation and Pro-atherosclerosis Sena et al. (2017) |