Table 1.
Demographic and perioperative factors of CSA-AKI (n = 2449).
| Variables | AKI | Non-AKI | Stat. value | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 59.5 ± 11.0 | 56.0 ± 13.5 | −6.567 | <0.001† |
| Gender (male %) | 576 (68.7) | 873 (54.2) | 48. 272 | <0.001# |
| BMI (kg/m²) | 24.4 ± 3.8 | 23.4 ± 3.4 | −6.386 | <0.001† |
| Hypertension (%) | 410 (48.9) | 550 (34.1) | 50.565 | <0.001# |
| Diabetes (%) | 107 (12.8) | 161 (10.0) | 4.355 | 0.037# |
| Unstable angina pectoris (%) | 37 (4.4) | 74 (4.6) | N/A | 0.919* |
| Myocardial infarction (%) | 12 (1.4) | 13 (0.8) | N/A | 0.202* |
| Cardiac surgery history (%) | 52 (6.2) | 56 (3.5) | N/A | 0.002* |
| NYHA grade ≥ 3 (%) | 666 (78.5) | 1002 (62.2) | 75.761 | <0.001# |
| Coronary Arteriography (yes %) | 551 (65.8) | 942 (58.5) | 12.272 | <0.001# |
| LEVF (%) | 60.1 ± 8.9 | 62.3 ± 7.9 | 6.320 | <0.001† |
| PAH (mmHg) | 41.6 ± 13.5 | 41.1 ± 14.7 | −0.751 | 0.453† |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 7.3 ± 5.8 | 6.3 ± 3.1 | −5.566 | <0.001† |
| SCr (µmol/L) | 90.6 ± 48.8 | 82.7 ± 61.8 | −3.190 | 0.001† |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73m²) | 80.3 ± 23.3 | 86.4 ± 19.4 | 6.908 | <0.001† |
| SUA (µmol/L) | 394.2 ± 121.1 | 354.1 ± 105.7 | −8.477 | <0.001† |
| Proteinuria (yes %) | 80 (9.5) | 79 (4.9) | 19.572 | <0.001# |
| Random blood sugar (mmol/L) | 5.0[4.6, 5.7] | 4.9[4.6, 5.5] | N/A | 0.002‡ |
| Albumin (g/L) | 40.2 ± 4.5 | 40.6 ± 4.3 | 2.516 | 0.012† |
| Surgery type | 84.300 | <0.001# | ||
| Valve | 463 (55.3) | 793 (49.2) | ||
| CABG | 73 (8.7) | 259 (16.1) | ||
| Aorta | 124 (14.8) | 146 (9.1) | ||
| Valve + CABG | 42 (5.0) | 32 (2.0) | ||
| Valve + large vessels | 40 (4.8) | 59 (3.7) | ||
| Others | 96 (11.5) | 322 (20.0) | ||
| CPB (yes %) | 740 (88.3) | 1029 (63.9) | 164.064 | <0.001# |
| ACCT (min) | 68.8 ± 39.7 | 64.0 ± 55.2 | −2.021 | 0.043† |
| Ultrafiltration volume (L) | 2.5[2.0, 3.3] | 2.0[1.5, 2.7] | N/A | <0.001‡ |
| Blood transfusion (yes, %) | 222 (26.5) | 127 (7.9) | 156.207 | <0.001# |
| Plasma (ml) | 400[400, 600] | 400[200, 400] | N/A | <0.001‡ |
| Euro score | 3.9 ± 2.4 | 3.5 ± 2.2 | −4.338 | <0.001† |
| APACHE II score | 8.2 ± 4.2 | 6.5 ± 3.4 | −10.914 | <0.001† |
†Refers to Student’s t test (for continuous variables which were normally distributed).
#Refers to Pearson test (for binary and unordered categorical variables).
*Refers to Fisher’s exact test (for categorical variables when sample sizes are small).
‡Refers to Wilcoxon test (for continuous variables which were non-normally distributed).
ACCT: aortic cross-clamp time; AKI: acute kidney injury; aOR: adjusted odds ratio; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; CI: confidence interval; CPB: cardiac pulmonary bypass; CSA-AKI: cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fractions; NYHA: New York heart association; PAH: pulmonary arterial hypertension; SCr: serum creatinine; SUA: serum uric acid.