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. 2021 Mar 22;186(3):1660–1678. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiab142

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Overexpression of VaPAT1 enhances cold tolerance in transgenic grape calli. A, Cold tolerance evaluation system of grapevine calli. After placing the calli on the thermoelectric modules (TEMs), exotherms were identified manually from a plot of thermistor output (x-axis) versus loaded TEM output minus the empty TEMs output (y-axis). The LTEs (indicating the cell freeze temperatures) were obtained to evaluate the cold tolerance. B, LTEs of transgenic grapevine calli. C, Electrolyte leakage of each line treated at 4°C, 4 h and −4°C, 1 h, respectively. The error bars indicate the SD from triplicate technical repeats. The letters above the bars indicate significant differences (P < 0.05, according to Duncan’s multiple range test).