Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients admitted with COVID-19. Columns show the different demographic, clinical, laboratory, and CT values of the overall group (all), those who did not develop AF (no AF), and those who did (AF). P value compared no AF vs AF groups
| ALL | No AF | AF | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n=379 | n=363 | n=16 | |||
| Demographics | |||||
| Age, years | n=379 | 68 (58–76) | 68 (58–76) | 68 (56.3–70.5) | 0.712 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | n=368 | 26.9 (23.3–31.7) | 26.9 (23.1–31.8) | 28.5 (25.3–30.8) | 0.283 |
| Male gender, no (%) | n=379 | 183/379 (48.3) | 171/363 (47.1) | 12/16 (75) | 0.029 |
| PMH | |||||
| Diabetes, no (%) | n=379 | 227/379 (59.9) | 218/363 (60.1) | 9/16 (56.3) | 0.761 |
| Hyperlipidemia, no (%) | n=379 | 268/379 (70.7) | 254/363 (70.0) | 14/16 (87.5) | 0.132 |
| Hypertension, no (%) | n=379 | 329/379 (86.8) | 317/363 (87.3) | 12/16 (75) | 0.154 |
| Asthma/COPD, no (%) | n=379 | 184/379 (49.0) | 178/363 (49) | 6/16 (37.5) | 0.366 |
| Coronary artery disease, no (%) | n=379 | 151/379 (39.8) | 143/363 (39.4) | 8/16 (50) | 0.396 |
| Presentation | |||||
| Symptom duration, days | n=365 | 2 (0–5) | 2 (0–5) | 3 (0.3–3.8) | 0.927 |
| Temperature, F | n=376 | 98.6 (98.0–99.7) | 98.6 (98.0–99.7) | 98.9 (98.6–100.1) | 0.093 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | n=378 | 132 (112–150) | 131 (111–149) | 141 (118–168) | 0.104 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | n=377 | 73 (63–84) | 73 (63–84) | 75 (66–83) | 0.769 |
| HR, bpm | n=377 | 95 (82–109) | 95 (83–109) | 87 (77–109) | 0.412 |
| Pulse oximeter saturation, % | n=376 | 96 (92–98) | 96 (92–98) | 94 (89–96) | 0.062 |
| Respiratory rate, bpm | n=376 | 20 (18–22) | 20 (18–22) | 22 (18–27) | 0.115 |
| WBC count, k/μL | n=371 | 7.3 (5.0–11.0) | 7.3 (5.0–11.0) | 7.3 (5.0–11.8) | 0.926 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | n=371 | 12.0 (10.3–13.4) | 11.9 (10.3–13.5) | 12.1 (10.6–13.0) | 0.568 |
| Sodium, mEq/L | n=368 | 137 (134–141) | 137 (134–141) | 137 (134–142) | 0.858 |
| Potassium, mEq/L | n=359 | 4.4 (4.0–4.9) | 4.4 (4.0–4.9) | 4.7 (4.4–5.7) | 0.027 |
| EGFR, mL/min/BSA | n=369 | 51.8 (21.9–80.2) | 52.3 (21.2–80.3) | 44.8 (27.4–75.2) | 0.927 |
| Glucose | n=369 | 133 (106.5–195.5) | 130 (105.5–196.0) | 155 (134.8–195.0) | 0.214 |
| Lactic acid, mmol/L | n=161 | 2 (1.4–2.9) | 2 (1.4–2.9) | 1.8 (1.5–3.5) | 0.692 |
| ProBNP, pg/mL | n=193 | 676 (174–2956) | 656 (158–3025) | 1267 (509–8857) | 0.217 |
| D-dimer, μg/mL | n=147 | 2.5 (1.2–4.3) | 2.4 (1.1–4.2) | 2.7 (2.1–20) | 0.304 |
| C-reactive protein, μg/mL | n=169 | 11.5 (4.4–21.8) | 11.3 (4.6–21.2) | 17.1 (3.4–29.4) | 0.653 |
| Fibrinogen, mg/dL | n=226 | 642 (516–745) | 644 (516–745) | 517 (481–xx) | 0.245 |
| LDH, U/L | n=228 | 373 (280–502) | 372 (278–497) | 376 (285–528) | 0.694 |
| Ferritin, ng/mL | n=131 | 770 (353–1555) | 755 (353–1432) | 1991 (649–4337) | 0.177 |
| Troponin T, ng/mL | n=304 | 0.01 (0.01–0.05) | 0.01 (0.01–0.05) | 0.01 (0.01–0.04) | 0.511 |
| Medications during admission | |||||
| Hydroxychloroquine, no (%) | n=379 | 246/379 (64.9) | 234/363 (64.5) | 12/16 (75.0) | 0.387 |
| Azithromycin, no (%) | n=379 | 112/379 (29.6) | 106/363 (29.2) | 6/16 (37.5) | 0.476 |
| Other antibiotics, no (%) | n=379 | 306/379 (80.7) | 291/363 (24.5) | 15/16 (93.8) | 0.177 |
| IV steroids, no (%) | n=379 | 98/379 (25.9) | 89/363 (24.5) | 9/16 (53.3) | 0.005 |
| Chloroquine, no (%) | n=379 | 7/379 (1.8) | 7/363 (1.9) | 0/16 (0) | 0.575 |
| ARBS, no (%) | n=379 | 20/379 (5.3) | 20/363 (5.5) | 0/16 (0) | 0.335 |
| Statin, no (%) | n=379 | 145/379 (38.3) | 137/363 (37.7) | 8/16 (50) | 0.323 |
| Clinical outcomes | |||||
| Intubation | n=379 | 93/379 (25) | 80/363 (22) | 13/16 (81) | <0.001 |
| Mortality | n=379 | 145/379 (38.3) | 136/363 (37.5) | 9/16 (56.3) | 0.130 |
| Pressors | n=379 | 92/379 (24.3) | 80/363 (22) | 12/16 (75) | <0.001 |
| Inotropes | n=379 | 5/379 (1.3) | 5/363 (1.4) | 0/16 (0) | 0.637 |
| CAC and EAT | |||||
| CAC | n=358 | 2.0 (0–4.3) | 2.0 (0–4.3) | 2.5 (1–5.5) | 0.482 |
| Epicardial fat, mL | n=359 | 92 (60–130) | 91 (60–129) | 130 (76–197) | 0.049 |
Statistical significance highlighted in bold
ALT alanine transaminase; AST aspartate transaminase; BMI body mass index; BP blood pressure; BUN blood urinary nitrogen; CAC ordinal coronary artery calcium; CAD coronary artery disease; COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; EGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate; F Fahrenheit; HR heart rate; IL-6 interleukin 6; IV intravenous; LDH lactate dehydrogenase; proBNP ProB-type natriuretic peptide; WBC white blood cell