Table 2.
Baseline characteristics and outcomes of the paediatric cohort
| Baseline characteristics | Virus group (no. of healthcare episodes) | P value* | |||||||||
| SARS-CoV-2 (101) | Influenza (871) | RSV (2425) | RV (1413) | EV (99) |
PIV (359) | MPV (454) | sCoV (234) | AdV (238) | BoV (185) | ||
| Male sex | 55 (55) | 484 (56) | 1 362 (56) | 824 (58) | 57 (58) | 196 (55) | 267 (59) | 138 (59) | 141 (59) | 109 (59) | 0.80 |
| Age at admission, median (IQR), years | 7 (1–12) | 2 (0–5) | 0 (0–1) | 1 (0–3) | 1 (0–3) | 1 (0–2) | 2 (0–3) | 1 (0–4) | 1 (1–3) | 1 (1–2) | <0.001 |
| Age categories, n (%) | |||||||||||
| <1 | 25 (25) | 242 (28) | 1 673 (69) | 606 (43) | 44 (44) | 150 (42) | 135 (30) | 93 (40) | 52 (22) | 45 (24) | <0.001 |
| 1–4 | 20 (20) | 377 (43) | 689 (28) | 535 (38) | 38 (38) | 159 (44) | 242 (53) | 92 (39) | 151 (63) | 125 (68) | <0.001 |
| 5–15 | 56 (55) | 252 (29) | 63 (3) | 272 (19) | 17 (17) | 50 (14) | 77 (17) | 49 (21) | 35 (15) | 15 (8) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||||||||
| Prematurity and perinatal diseases† | 3 (3) | 61 (7) | 201 (8) | 168 (12) | 3 (3) | 45 (13) | 59 (13) | 36 (15) | 27 (11) | 25 (14) | <0.001 |
| Chronic cardiac disease† | 2 (2) | 27 (3) | 41 (2) | 75 (5) | 3 (3) | 22 (6) | 24 (5) | 18 (8) | 10 (4) | 11 (6) | <0.001 |
| Chronic respiratory disease† | 7 (7) | 170 (20) | 512 (21) | 414 (29) | 18 (18) | 101 (28) | 161 (35) | 70 (30) | 53 (22) | 63 (34) | <0.001 |
| Congenital malformations and chromosomal abnormalities† | 7 (7) | 107 (12) | 220 (9) | 263 (19) | 10 (10) | 65 (18) | 106 (23) | 53 (23) | 38 (16) | 36 (19) | <0.001 |
| Solid tumour† | 4 (4) | 16 (2) | 17 (1) | 64 (5) | 3 (3) | 10 (3) | 8 (2) | 13 (6) | 6 (3) | 6 (3) | <0.001 |
| Haematological malignancy† | 3 (3) | 19 (2) | 15 (1) | 68 (5) | 1 (1) | 7 (2) | 12 (3) | 15 (6) | 3 (1) | 6 (3) | <0.001 |
| Immunosuppression† | 10 (10) | 66 (8) | 57 (2) | 177 (13) | 5 (5) | 24 (7) | 29 (6) | 37 (16) | 20 (8) | 29 (16) | <0.001 |
| Any of the comorbidities above† | 20 (20) | 198 (23) | 396 (16) | 494 (35) | 16 (16) | 110 (31) | 157 (35) | 100 (43) | 66 (28) | 68 (37) | <0.001 |
| Outcomes | |||||||||||
| Length of stay, median (IQR), days | 3 (1–8) | 3 (2–4) | 4 (2–6) | 3 (2–5) | 3 (2–5) | 3 (2–5) | 4 (2–6) | 3 (2–6) | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–5) | <0.001 |
| Mortality, n (%) | |||||||||||
| 30 days‡ | 1 (1) | 6 (1) | 3 (0) | 15 (1) | 0 (0) | 2 (1) | 0 (0) | 6 (3) | 2 (1) | 4 (2) | <0.001 |
| 90 days§ | 1 (1) | 6 (1) | 4 (0) | 24 (2) | 0 (0) | 3 (1) | 2 (0) | 7 (3) | 4 (2) | 6 (3) | <0.001 |
| ICU | |||||||||||
| ICU admitted, n (%)‡ | 4 (4) | 32 (4) | 146 (6) | 61 (4) | 4 (4) | 21 (6) | 35 (8) | 19 (8) | 16 (7) | 16 (9) | 0.009 |
| Length of ICU stay, median (IQR), days§ | 6 (4–6) | 1 (0–4) | 1 (0–3) | 1 (0–2) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–2) | 1 (0–4) | 1 (0–2) | 0 (0–1) | 1 (0–3) | 0.102 |
| Acute kidney injury, n (%)‡ | 8 (8) | 49 (6) | 43 (2) | 102 (7) | 3 (3) | 9 (3) | 20 (4) | 24 (10) | 12 (5) | 14 (8) | <0.001 |
| Hospital-onset bacteraemia, n (%)‡ | 2 (2) | 11 (1) | 14 (1) | 29 (2) | 0 (0) | 3 (1) | 6 (1) | 9 (4) | 6 (3) | 2 (1) | <0.001 |
*Comparison of all virus groups using χ2 test for nominal and Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables.
†Based on ICD-10 codes from −5 years to +24 hours from admission time point. See list of ICD-10 codes for each comorbidity category in online supplemental eTable 1.
‡Analysis restricted to patients with a minimum of 30-day follow-up time, that is, patients admitted until 1 September 2020. SARS-CoV-2 (99), influenza (871), RSV (2 425), RV (1380), EV (98), PIV (359), MPV (454), sCoV (234), AdV (238) and BoV (184).
§Analysis restricted to patients with a minimum of 90-day follow-up time, that, patients admitted until 1 July 2020. SARS-CoV-2 (81), influenza (871), RSV (2425), RV (1356), EV (98), PIV (359), MPV (454), sCoV (234), AdV (238) and BoV (183).
¶Analysis restricted to ICU-admitted patients. SARS-CoV-2 (4), influenza (32), RSV (146), RV (61), EV (4), PIV (21), MPV (35), sCoV (19), AdV (16) and BoV (16).
AdV, adenovirus; BoV, bocavirus; EV, enterovirus; ICU, intensive care unit; MPV, metapneumovirus; PIV, parainfluenzavirus; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; RV, rhinovirus; sCoV, seasonal coronaviruses.