Table 2.

Traditional uses of Peganum species.

Peganum spp.	Part of plant	Country/region	Common name	Effect	Reference
P. harmala	Seeds	Morocco	Madjouna	Diabetes, asthma, rheumatic pain, antihypertensive, anthelmintic/antimicrobial	[29, 31, 32]
P. harmala	Seeds, fruit	Iran/Uzbekistan	Asbatan, fašars ī n, isfanj, ispand, sifand, sipand, isirik	Air purifier, pain relief, anti-Parkinson's	[3, 29, 32]
P. harmala	Seeds, fruit	Turkey	Ilezik, uzarih, üzerlik	To treat intestinal pain, as an antibacterial, necklaces (sometimes also a branch of the plant is hung in the house)	[29, 33]
P. harmala	Seeds	Arabian (Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Syria)	Álqat al-dib, harjal, harmal, hre-milan, huraymilan, legherma, mogannanna, sadab-sami, sadab-bari	Common cold, as a dye, healing ulcers, back pain, blood purifier, psychoactive	[29, 32]
P. harmala	Whole plant, seeds,	Greece, Spain, Italy	Alfarma, armalá, gamarza, harma, hármaga, harmala, African rue, harmal, harmal peganum, harmal shrub, harmel, harmel peganum, Isband, ozallaik, peganum, rue, ruin weed, Syrian rue, wild rue, alfarma, alharma, amargaza, armalá, gamarza, harma, hármaga	Hypotensive, anti-Parkinson's, antidiabetic, leishmaniasis	[29, 34, 35]
P. harmala P. nigellastrum P. multisectum	Seeds	China	Luo tuo peng, luo tuo hao	Hypertension, diabetes, jaundice	[3, 29, 32]
P. harmala	Seeds	India	Hurmul	Asthma	[30, 32]
P. harmala P. multisectum	Seeds	Mexico, southern North America	Isband, ozallaik, peganum, rue, ruin weed, Syrian rue, wild rue	Nervosity	[29, 36]
P. harmala	Seeds	North of Africa	African rue, huraymilan, legherma, mogannanna, sadab-sami, sadab-bari	Emmenagogue	[29, 37]