Table 3.
Essential oil composition (%) of Peganum harmala L. from different regions.
| Compound name | Algeria | Egypt | Libya | Morocco | Tunisia | Iran | S. Arabia | Morocco |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [37] | [37] | [37] | [37] | [37] | [40] | [41] | [39] | |
| p-Cymene | — | — | — | — | 0.1 | 0.8-1.7 | — | — |
| Limonene | 0.3 | — | — | — | — | 1.1-6.4 | — | — |
| 2-Acetyl-thiazole | — | 1.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Santolina alcohol | — | 2 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| cis-Dihydro-rose oxide | — | 1.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1-Octen-ol | — | 0.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| trans-Dihydro-rose oxide | — | 0.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| n-Octanol | — | 1.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Linalool | 1.7 | — | — | — | — | 0.4 | — | — |
| trans-Thujone | — | — | — | — | 0.1 | — | — | — |
| Methyl butanoate, 3-methyl-3-butenyl | — | 2.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 3-Decanone | — | 1.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Camphor | — | 2.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Benzene acetonitrile | — | 1.3 | — | — | 2.6 | — | — | — |
| Isoborneol | 0.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Terpinen-4-ol | 0.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Naphthalene | 0.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| α-Terpineol | 0.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1-Dodecene | — | 0.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| [2]-Isocitral | 0.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Methyl chavicol | 1.1 | — | — | — | 0.1 | — | — | — |
| Isoquinoline | 0.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1.4-6.4 |
| Carvone | 0.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Pulegone | 0.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Cumin aldehyde | — | — | — | — | 0.1 | — | — | — |
| [2]-Anethol | 3.7 | — | — | — | 6.9 | — | — | — |
| α-Terpinen-7-al | — | 2.2 | — | 1 | 0.1 | — | — | — |
| Thymol | 7 | — | 5.1 | 5 | 1.8 | — | — | 2 |
| Dihydrocarveol acetate | 6.2 | 1 | 3 | 0.7 | 0.3 | — | — | — |
| Terpinyl acetate | — | 0.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 4-Methoxyacetophenone | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Eugenol | 17.5 | 17.2 | 17.8 | 13.2 | 69.2 | — | 5.2 | — |
| Cicloysosativene | 2.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| α-Ylangene | 1.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Decanoic acid | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Thujico acid | — | — | — | — | <0.1 | — | — | — |
| β-Cubebene | — | — | — | 0.4 | — | — | — | — |
| n-Undecanol | — | 2.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 6,8-Nonadien-2-one,6-methyl-5-(1-methyletildene) | 0.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| iso-Italicene | 1.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| β-Longipinene | 0.5 | — | — | — | 0.1 | — | — | — |
| Methyleugenol | — | 0.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| β-Ionol | — | — | — | 0.7 | — | — | — | |
| (Z)-Caryophyllene | 2.3 | — | 0.3 | — | 0.8 | — | — | — |
| [2]-α-Ionone | 0.6 | — | — | 0.2 | — | — | — | — |
| Nerol acetate | — | — | 3.7 | — | — | — | — | — |
| α-Isomethyl-[2]-ionol | 7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Aromadendrene | — | — | — | — | 0.3 | — | — | — |
| Bakerol | — | — | — | 7.5 | — | — | — | — |
| trans-Cadina-16,4-diene | — | — | — | 0.3 | — | — | — | — |
| 9-epi-[2]-Caryophyllene | — | — | — | — | 0.2 | — | — | — |
| α-Acoradiene | 0.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| γ-Gurjunene | — | — | — | 0.6 | — | — | — | — |
| γ-Muurolene | 0.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| [2]-β-Ionone | — | — | — | 0.6 | — | — | — | 8.1 |
| [2]-Methyl isoeugenol | — | 0.6 | — | — | 0.2 | — | — | — |
| 10,11-Epoxy-calamenene | — | — | — | 0.3 | — | — | — | — |
| α-Zingiberene | 0.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| γ-Amorphene | 1.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Methyl p-tert-buthylphenil acetate | 0.3 | 0.8 | — | 2 | 0.2 | — | — | — |
| 10-Undecenol acetate | 2 | — | — | 3.6 | 0.1 | — | — | — |
| β-Curcumene | — | 1.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 7-epi-α-Selinene | 1.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2E,4E-Dodecandienal | 1.2 | 2.1 | 2 | — | — | — | — | — |
| α-Thujaplicinol | — | — | — | 4.8 | — | — | — | — |
| Eugenol acetate | — | — | — | — | 9 | — | — | — |
| α-Bulnesene | — | — | — | 0.4 | — | — | — | — |
| (Z)-Nerolidol | 0.5 | 1.6 | 2.5 | 1.3 | 0.1 | — | — | — |
| α-Calacorene | 0.6 | — | — | 0.6 | — | — | — | — |
| Germacrene B | — | — | 2.7 | — | 0.1 | — | — | — |
| β-Calacorene | — | — | — | 1.8 | — | — | — | — |
| Dodecanoic acid | — | 5.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Spathulenol | 2 | 2.3 | 4.2 | 4 | 0.2 | — | — | — |
| Caryophyllene oxide | 1.7 | — | 3.8 | 1.7 | 0.8 | — | — | — |
| 1-Esadecene | — | 1.6 | — | 0.9 | 0.2 | — | — | — |
| Ledol | — | — | — | 0.4 | — | — | — | — |
| β-Oplopenone | — | — | — | — | 0.1 | — | — | — |
| n-Exadecane | 2.6 | — | 2.8 | 2.9 | 0.1 | — | — | — |
| Isolongifolan-7-α-ol | — | — | 3.8 | 2.1 | 0.1 | — | — | — |
| Cubenol | — | 2 | — | — | <0.1 | — | — | — |
| Caryophylla-4(12),8(13)-dien-5α-ol | — | — | — | — | 0.1 | — | — | — |
| epi-α-Cadinol | 5.3 | — | — | 0.9 | — | — | — | — |
| β-Acorenol | 1.5 | 2.9 | 7.4 | 2.3 | 0.1 | — | — | — |
| epi-α-Muurolol | — | — | — | — | 0.1 | — | — | — |
| cis-Guai-3,9-dien-11-ol | 0.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| allo-Aromadendrene epoxide | — | — | — | 1.5 | — | — | — | — |
| Vulgarone B | 1.4 | — | — | 3.7 | — | — | — | — |
| Cedr-8,15-en-10-olo | — | 4.1 | 6 | — | 0.1 | — | — | — |
| α-Eudesmol | — | 1.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 14-Hydroxy-(Z)-caryophyellene | — | — | 2.1 | — | 0.2 | — | — | — |
| n-Tetradecanol | 4.8 | 12.3 | 11.3 | 11.1 | 0.3 | — | — | — |
| Elemol acetate | 0.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| epi-α-Bisabololo | — | 3 | 6.6 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Cyperotundone | 1.6 | 3 | 4.6 | 4.1 | 0.1 | — | — | — |
| Heptadecane | — | 1.2 | 3.8 | 1.2 | 0.1 | — | — | — |
| Calamenen-10-one | — | 0.5 | 1.9 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Longifolol | — | 2.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Farnesol | — | — | — | 0.4 | — | — | — | — |
| 3-Otadecine | 0.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Farnesale | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Santalol | — | — | — | 1 | — | — | — | — |
| [2]-Nerolidil acetate | — | — | — | 0.8 | — | — | — | — |
| Amorpha-4,9-diene | — | 0.3 | — | 1.6 | — | — | — | — |
| Lanceol | — | — | — | 1.5 | — | — | — | — |
| 14-Oxy-α-muurolene | — | — | — | 0.3 | — | — | — | — |
| α-Pinene | — | — | — | — | — | 60.4-72.6 | — | — |
| Camphene | — | — | — | — | — | 1.8-1.1 | — | — |
| Verbenene | — | — | — | — | — | 0.9 | — | — |
| Sabinene | — | — | — | — | — | 2.6 | — | — |
| β-Pinene | — | — | — | — | — | 0.7-2.5 | — | — |
| α-Campholene-aldehyde | — | — | — | — | — | 1.7 | — | — |
| trans-Pinocarveol | — | — | — | — | — | 2.3 | — | — |
| trans-Verbenole | — | — | — | — | — | 3.9 | — | — |
| cis-Verbenole | — | — | — | — | — | 1.2 | — | — |
| Karahanaenone | — | — | — | — | — | 0.7 | — | — |
| Pinocamphone | — | — | — | — | — | 0.5 | — | — |
| Pinocarvone | — | — | — | — | — | 0.7 | — | — |
| p-Mentha-1,5-dien 8-ol | — | — | — | — | — | 1.7 | — | — |
| Terpineol-4 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.5 | — | — |
| Myrtenal | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | — | — |
| Verbenone | — | — | — | — | — | 1.8 | — | — |
| Bornyl acetate | — | — | — | — | — | 0.5 | — | — |
| Monoterpene hydrocarbons | — | — | — | — | — | 72.9-81.6 | — | — |
| Oxygen-containing monoterpenes | — | — | — | — | — | 14.5 | — | — |
| Oxygen-containing sesquiterpenes | — | — | — | — | — | 2.4 | — | — |
| 2-Octene | — | — | — | — | — | 2.3 | — | — |
| 3-Octaodiene | — | — | — | — | — | 0.7 | — | — |
| 2-Methyl-phenol | — | — | — | — | — | 0.8 | — | — |
| Methyl benzene | — | — | — | — | — | 2.1 | — | — |
| Dimethylbenzene | — | — | — | — | — | 2 | — | — |
| Styrene | — | — | — | — | — | 4.2 | — | — |
| Nonane | — | — | — | — | — | 1.7 | — | — |
| Propyl benzene | — | — | — | — | — | 1.9 | — | — |
| 1-Hexyl-2-nitrocyclohexane | — | — | — | — | — | — | 9 | — |
| (Z)-2-Octadecen-1-ol | — | — | — | — | — | — | 8.1 | — |
| 3,5,24-Trimethyltetracontane | — | — | — | — | — | — | 7.8 | — |
| 2-Octadecyl-1,3-propane-diol | — | — | — | — | — | — | 6.1 | — |
| [2]-2-Tetradecen-1-ol | — | — | — | — | — | — | 5.8 | — |
| 11,14-Eicosadienoic acid methyl ester | — | — | — | — | — | — | 5.7 | — |
| 2,6,10,15-Tetramethyl-heptadecane | — | — | — | — | — | — | 4.2 | — |
| 11-Tricosene | — | — | — | — | — | — | 4 | — |
| 2-Piperidinone, n-[4-bromo-n-butyl] | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3.4 | — |
| 14-Heptadecenal | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2.8 | — |
| [2]-9-Tetradecenoic acid | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2.7 | — |
| Propylic acid | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2.8-46.3 |
| Butanol | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3.5 |
| Pent-3-en-2-one | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3.2-4.9 |
| Butyric acid | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 5.0-7.5 |
| [2]-3-hexenol | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2.2 |
| Methy-4-methyl valerate | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.9-2.3 |
| Tiglic acid | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 13.6 |