Table 1.
Changes in cardiac structure and function on echocardiography in the rapid RV rapid pacing model of heart failure
| Echocardiographic Parameter | n | Normal | Heart Failure | P Value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LV structure | ||||
| Septal wall thickness, cm | 12 | 0.93 ± 0.09 | 0.88 ± 0.10 | 0.33 |
| Posterior wall thickness, cm | 12 | 0.89 ± 0.10 | 0.86 ± 0.12 | 0.38 |
| LV end-diastolic dimension, cm | 12 | 3.8 ± 0.3 | 4.6 ± 0.3 | <0.0001 |
| LV end-systolic dimension, cm | 12 | 2.8 ± 0.2 | 4.2 ± 0.4 | <0.0001 |
| LV mass, g | 12 | 102.8 ± 19.5 | 131.4 ± 29.2 | 0.0008 |
| LV end-diastolic volume, ml | 12 | 52.3 ± 19.8 | 87.1 ± 18.0 | <0.0001 |
| LV end-systolic volume, ml | 12 | 24.3 ± 10.1 | 70.0 ± 19.0 | <0.0001 |
| LV systolic and diastolic function | ||||
| LV ejection fraction, % | 12 | 53.9 ± 7.4 | 20.7 ± 11.0 | <0.0001 |
| Transmitral E velocity, cm/s | 12 | 61.4 ± 10.8 | 83.1 ± 23.6 | 0.003 |
| Transmitral A velocity, cm/s | 11 | 34.9 ± 11.5 | 48.1 ± 21.4 | 0.015 |
| E deceleration time, ms | 12 | 166.6 ± 22.5 | 101.6 ± 31.7 | 0.0003 |
| E/A ratio | 11 | 1.9 ± 0.4 | 1.9 ± 0.8 | 0.72 |
| Early diastolic (e’) velocity | 12 | 10.5 ± 1.9 | 7.4 ± 3.5 | 0.012 |
| E/e’ ratio | 12 | 6.0 ± 1.4 | 12.6 ± 4.9 | 0.0005 |
| LA structure/function | ||||
| LA maximal volume, ml | 12 | 21.6 ± 5.1 | 46.8 ± 14.0 | <0.0001 |
| LA minimal volume, ml | 12 | 12.0 ± 3.3 | 37.9 ± 12.2 | <0.0001 |
| LA emptying fraction, % | 12 | 44.2 ± 11.0 | 19.4 ± 8.2 | 0.0004 |
| RV structure/function | ||||
| RV end-diastolic area, cm2 | 12 | 9.2 ± 1.3 | 12.7 ± 3.8 | 0.012 |
| RV end-systolic area, cm2 | 12 | 6.1 ± 1.1 | 10.8 ± 3.3 | 0.002 |
| RV fractional area change, % | 12 | 33.4 ± 6.5 | 14.8 ± 4.4 | <0.0001 |
| TAPSE, cm | 12 | 1.15 ± 0.27 | 0.97 ± 0.25 | 0.034 |
Values represent means ± SD. LV, left ventricular; E, early diastolic; A, late (atrial) diastolic; LA, left atrial; RV, right ventricular; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion. *Paired t test.