Table 2.
Example of miRNA found in exosomes and their role in various aspects of cardiac disease, including hypertrophy, fibrosis, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and inflammation as well as their target mechanisms
| miRNA | Target | Cardiac Implication | Disease Model | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ↑ miR-21* | ↓ SORBS2 and PDLIM5 expression ↑ Akt and VEGF activation |
↑ Hypertrophy ↑ Angiogenesis |
TAC Ang II minipump LAD ligation |
(96) (118) |
| ↓ miR-155 ↑ miR-155 |
↓ Socs1 expression ↑ Jaird2 and c-Ski expression ↑ STAT1 |
↓ Hypertrophy and Fibrosis ↑ Hypertrophy and fibrosis ↑ Inflammation |
Ang II minipump TAC In vitro HFD |
(98) (99) (107) (108) (132) |
| ↑ miR-200a | ↓ TSC1 and ↑ mTOR activation |
↑ Hypertrophy | In vitro | (100) |
| ↑ miR-208a | ↓ Dyrk expression and NFAT nuclear translocation | ↑ Fibrogenic gene expression | LAD ligation | (11) |
| ↑ miR-217 | ↑ PTEN signaling | ↑ Fibrosis | TAC In vitro |
(101) |
| ↑ miR-29b ↑ miR-455 |
↓ MMP-9 expression | ↓ Fibrosis | Diabetic mice | (104) |
| ↑ miR-27a ↑ miR-28-3p ↑ miR-34a |
↓ NRF2 and ↑ ROS accumulation | ↑ ROS-mediated cell damage | LAD ligation In vitro |
(110) |
| ↑ miR-144 | ↑ Antiapoptotic pathways ↓ Proapoptotic pathways e.g., Akt, GSK-3β and ERK1/2 |
↓ Apoptosis | rIPC | (113) |
| ↑ miR-24 | ↓ Bim expression | ↓ Apoptosis | Myocardial I/R injury | (114) |
| ↑ miR-30a | ↓ ATG12, beclin-1 and LC3II/LC3I ratio | ↑ Apoptosis | In vitro | (115) |
| ↑ miR-222 ↑ miR-143 |
↑ MMP-2 and MMP-9 | ↑ Endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis | LAD ligation | (69) |
| ↑ miR-320 | ↓ IGF-I, Hsp20, and Ets20 | ↓ Angiogenesis and tube formation | In vitro | (122) |
| ↑ miR-17 ↑ miR-19a/b ↑ miR-20a↑ miR-30v ↑ miR-126 |
↑ Proangiogenic genes | ↑ Angiogenesis | In vitro | (51) |
| ↑miR-10a↑miR-27b ↑miR-100 |
↑ VEGF and NO synthase | ↑ Angiogenesis ↓ Fibrosis |
LAD ligation In vitro |
(126) |
| ↑ miR-146a | ↑ Pro-angiogenic genes e.g., Nras, Traf6, Irak1 | ↑ Angiogenesis | In vitro Patient blood samples |
(124) |
| ↑ miR-93-5p | ↓ ATG7 and TLR4/NF-κB expression | ↓ Inflammation | LAD ligation In vitro |
(129) |
| ↓ miR-223 | ↑ IL-1β, IL-6, and CAM-1 | ↑ Inflammation | Patient blood samples In vitro |
(134) |
TAC, transverse aortic constriction; Ang II, angiotensin II; LAD, left anterior descending coronary artery; HFD, high-fat diet; rIPC, remote ischemic preconditioning; I/R, ischemia-reperfusion.