Table 2.
Eighteen cases of CAPS in pregnancy.
| Author | Maternal age | Gestational age | CAPS features | Treatment | Maternal outcome | Fetal outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Khizroeva et al | n/a | 28 weeks of gestation | Multiorgan failure | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Hanouna et al (case 3) | 26 years | 25 weeks of gestation | Cardiac, renal, hepatic, cutaneous, hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia | Heparin, aspirin, glucocorticoids, IVIG, plasma exchange and dialysis | n/a | Fetal death |
| Hanouna et al (case 6) | 33 years | 36 + 5 weeks of gestation on the day of the delivery | Adrenal, cutaneous, hepatic, thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia | Heparin and glucocorticoids | Adrenal insufficiency | Healthy child |
| Hanouna et al (case 11) | 32 years | 17 weeks of gestation on the day of the delivery | Cutaneous, hepatic, renal, adrenal thrombocytopenia and gallbladder | Heparin, glucocorticoids, plasma exchange and dialysis | Renal insufficiency with proteinuria | Fetal death at 17 weeks |
| Hanouna et al (case 12) | 27 years | 13 weeks of gestation on the day of the delivery | Cardiac, cutaneous, hepatic, placenta and thrombocytopenia | Heparin, glucocorticoids and IVIG | n/a | Fetal death at 13 weeks |
| Hanouna et al (case 13) | 23 years | 31 weeks of gestation | Cardiac, renal, cutaneous, thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia | Heparin, aspirin, glucocorticoids and plasma exchange | Sudden death at 2.5 years | Child with developmental delay |
| Derks et al (case 1) | 32 years | n/a | Multiple infarcts in liver and placenta | Intensive medical treatment including anticoagulation | Died of massive PE | n/a |
| Derks et al (case 2) | 27 years | n/a | Thrombocytopenia, disturbances in hepatic function and epigastric pain | Glucocorticoids | n/a | Fetal death |
| Derks et al (case 3) | 36 years | n/a | Hepatic infarcts and petechiae | Glucocorticoids, IVIG and plasmapheresis | n/a | Healthy child |
| Marson et al | 33 years | 23 weeks of gestation | HELLP, thrombocytopenia, anemia, acalculous cholecystitis and cutaneous. | Therapeutic plasma exchange | Recovery | Intrauterine death at 23 weeks |
| Bendon et al | 22 years | 30 weeks of gestation | Placental infarctions, myocardium, renal, gastrointestinal and myometrium TMA | Death | Intrauterine fetal death | |
| Kitchens et al | 38 years | 38 weeks of gestation | HELLP, portal vein, inferior vena cava, mesenteric vein thrombosis | Anticoagulation | Recovery | |
| Wislowska et al | 26 years | 25 weeks of gestation | ARDs, encephalopathy, nephritis, skin ulcers | LMWH, glucocorticoids, cyclophosphamide | Recovery | Miscarriage |
| Asherson et al | 22 years | 20 weeks of gestation | HELLP, ARDS, cerebral infarcts | Glucocorticoids, intravenous heparin, cyclophosphamide | Recovery | Death |
| Koenig et al | 19 years | 17 weeks of gestation | HELLP, hepatic infarctions, bone necrosis | LMWH, fresh frozen plasma | Recovery | Death |
| Gomez-Puerta et al (case 1) | 29 years | 28 weeks of gestation | HELLP, bone marrow hypoplasia, renal failure, DVT, respiratory failure, livedo reticularis | Glucocorticoids, LMWH | Death | Prematurity |
| Elchalal et al | 37 years | 16 weeks of gestation | Thrombocytopenia, bilateral pleural effusions | LMWH, IVIG, glucocorticoids | Recovery | Fetal death |
| Collict M et al | 31 years | 28 + 5 weeks of gestation | Severe PE, bilateral exudative retinal detachment, renal, acalculous cholecystitis, pulmonary and abdominal sepsis, liver, cardiac, placental infarction and multiorgan thrombosis (lung, brain, spleen) | Broad-spectrum antibiotics, glucocorticoids, LMWH, aspirin | Recovery | Healthy premature child |
ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; CAPS, catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome; DVT, deep venous thrombosis; HELLP, hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet count; IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulin; LMWH, low molecular weight heparin; n/a, not available; PE, pulmonary embolism.