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. 2021 Jul 6;7:49. doi: 10.1038/s41421-021-00290-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a Representative hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining results showing histopathological changes of the OE. b Representative results of multiplex immunofluorescent detection of sustentacular cells (CK8 positive) and microvilli (Ezrin positive) of the OE. c Representative results of immunofluorescent detection of mOSNs (OMP positive) of the OE. d Apoptosis of olfactory epithelial cells (cleaved-caspase3 positive, white) after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The panels below show apoptosis of sustentacular cells (CK8 positive, yellow; indicated by cyan arrows), HBCs (CK5 positive, gold; indicated by gold arrows), mOSNs (OMP positive, green; indicated by magenta arrows), iOSN (GAP43 positive, magenta; indicated by green arrows), and olfactory nerve bundles (OMP/GAP43 positive; indicated by white arrows). e Representative multiplex immunofluorescent staining results showing infiltration of macrophages (CD68 positive, magenta), dendritic cells (CD103 positive, green), and neutrophils (Ly-6G positive, white) in the OE after infection. f Representative multiplex immunofluorescent staining results showing infiltration of CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes (magenta) with expression of perforin (green) and granzyme B (white) in the olfactory mucosa after infection. The framed areas are shown adjacently at larger magnifications. Scale bar, 50 μm.