Table 2.

Demographic and clinical characteristics of study population.

Physical characteristics of the subjects	Baseline resting heart rate (quartiles)				P value
	1 (36–64)	2 (65–70)	3 (71–78)	4 (79–129)
Age (years)	29.5 ± 3.11	32 ± 3.33	34.6 ± 7.0	32.52 ± 5.08	0.097
Weight (kg)	97.7 ± 11.9	89.6 ± 17.77	88.0 ± 13.64	82.2 ± 18.0	0.048
Height (cm)	178.9 ± 9.2	168.2 ± 12.6	166.9 ± 10.1	160.6 ± 8.3	≤ 0.0001
BMI (kg/m2)	30.4 ± 2.74	31.7 ± 4.37	31.5 ± 4.0	32.6 ± 5.7	0.030
Waist circumference (inch)	35.8 ± 3.34	35.9 ± 6.05	37.9 ± 6.3	37.8 ± 6.1	0.576
Hip circumference (inch)	42.4 ± 3.72	42.5 ± 4.87	43.2 ± 2.6	43.9 ± 5.4	0.0720
Waist to hip ratio	0.84 ± 0.081	0.83 ± 0.10	0.88 ± 0.16	0.86 ± 0.09	0.7849
Waist to hight ratio	0.20 ± 0.02	0.21 ± 0.02	0.22 ± 0.048	0.23 ± 0.03	0.3571
Fat %	33.6 ± 3.92	31.6 ± 2.5	31.1 ± 5.02	31.7 ± 3.06	0.797
BP/systolic (mmHg)	106 ± 9.53	111.7 ± 13.9	112.7 ± 9.5	108.6 ± 6.9	0.983
BP/diastolic (mmHg)	58.0 ± 7.8	64.9 ± 6.85	70.36 ± 9.38	70.6 ± 8.13	≤ 0.0001
Serum metabolic markers
Fasting glucose (mmol/l)	4.8 ± 0.46	5.0 ± 0.59	5.56 ± 0.85	5.78 ± 0.585	0.992
Triglycerides (mmol/l)	0.73 ± 0.29	0.88 ± 0.20	1.17 ± 0.58	1.24 ± 0.36	0.0024
Total cholesterol (mmol/l)	3.96 ± 0.732	4.95 ± 0.473	4.83 ± 0.977	5.13 ± 0.877	0.0047
HDL cholesterol (mmol/l)	1.29 ± 0.265	1.47 ± 0.35	1.37 ± 0.347	1.58 ± 0.344	0.1373
Non-HDL cholesterol (mmol/l)	2.79 ± 0.81	3.76 ± 0.93	3.46 ± 0.96	3.5 ± 1.05	0.1351
Insulin Con. (mu/l)	2.36 ± 1.17	1.70 ± 1.33	1.42 ± 0.72	1.88 ± 1.33	0.2388
HOMA-IR	0.52 ± 0.24	0.36 ± 0.314	0.353 ± 0.23	0.47 ± 0.29	0.3156

Bold values denote statistical significance.

All values are means ± standard deviations unless labeled otherwise.

BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, HR heart rate, HDL high-density lipoprotein, HOMA-IR homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance.